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B1225 > 1. Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise > Flashcards

1. Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endurance Exercise

A

Exercise that utilises mainly aerobic metabolism to provide energy for muscle contraction.
Muscle require adequate 02 + fuel (carbs + fats)
Low - moderate intensity (exc. endurance athletes)
Prolonged duration (>30 mins)

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2
Q

Energy type used for muscle contraction

A

ATP
ATP - ADP + Pi + Energy

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3
Q

What is Pi

A

Free Inorganic phosphate

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4
Q

Enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATPase

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5
Q

Intramuscular ATP

A

Immediately available BUT limited supply
7.3 kcal available
Few secs of max exercise

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6
Q

3 basic energy systems

A
  1. ATP-PCr system
  2. Glycolytic system (glycolysis)
  3. Oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)
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7
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCr) Breakdown Equation

A

PCr - Cr + Pi + ENERGY

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8
Q

Phosphocreatine (PCr) Breakdown (5 points)

A
  1. Intramuscular store of PCr
  2. Immediately available
  3. Enzyme – creatine kinase
  4. V rapid ATP resynthesis
  5. Very limited store - 6 - 10 s max exercise
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9
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of phosphocreatine molecule

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10
Q

How is energy for ATP resynthesis produced

A

Breakdown of glucose or glycogen

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11
Q

Storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis Equation

A

Glucose/ glycogen - 2 pyruvate + ENERGY

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13
Q

Where does Anaerobic Glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm (where relevant enzymes are available)

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14
Q

Primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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15
Q

ATP yield of Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

2-3 ATP

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16
Q

End point of glycolysis

A

Two molecules of produced go through aerobic and anaerobic reaction, producing lactate and oxidation (…)

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17
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis in exercise (4 points)

A
  1. Does not produce large amounts ATP
  2. Combines with ATP-PCr system for force generation (even when 02 limited)
  3. Predominate during early mins of high intensity exercise.
  4. Other system needed for longer during (can’t supply every >2mins)
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18
Q

Limitations of Anaerobic Glycolysis (3 points)

A
  1. Build up of lactic acid in muscles and body fluids
  2. Decreases muscle fibres’ calcium-binding capacity, impedes
    muscle contraction
  3. Acidification inhibits further glycogen breakdown, impairs
    glycolytic enzyme function
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19
Q

Most complex of energy systems

A

Oxidative system

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19
Q

Process of cellular respiration (oxidative system)

A

Body breaking down substrates with aid of O2 to generate energy

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20
Q

Site of Oxidative production of ATP

A

Mitochondria

21
Q

Why do muscles need steady supply of energy during long activity

A

To continuously produce force needed to sustain exercise

22
Q

Oxidative system capacity

A

Large energy-producing capacity

23
Q

Primary method of energy production for what activity

A

Endurance

24
Q

Speed of oxidative system to turn on

A

Slow

25
Q

Oxidation of Carb equation

A

Pyruvate (anaerobic glycolysis) - C02 + H20 + ENERGY

26
Q

What is pyruvate converted into (Oxidation of Carb)

A

acetyl coenzyme-A in mitochondria - Krebs cycle - electron transport train

27
Q

Net yield of Oxidation of carbs

A

38-39 ATP

28
Q

Oxidation of fat equation

A

Plasma free fatty acids/ intramuscular triglyceride - C02 + H20 + ENERGY

29
Q

What is substrates converted into (Oxidation of Fat)

A

acetyl coenzyme-A (in mitochondria) → Krebs Cycle
→ electron transport chain

30
Q

Speed and net yield of ATP (resynthesis)

A

Slow, 130 ATP

31
Q

Carb stores capacity

A

Limited

32
Q

Fat stores capacity

A

Large

33
Q

What is fat stored as

A

triacylglycerol (fatty acids + glycerol)

34
Q

Where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue, some skeletal muscle

35
Q

Fat vs carb fuel storage

A

9 : 4

36
Q

Process of breaking down triacylglycerol

A

lipolysis:
release free fatty acids into plasma - transported to exercising muscle

37
Q

Enzyme that catalyses process of lipolysis

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

38
Q

Muscle glycogen v liver glycogen v plasma glucose v fat energy comparison

A
  1. fat (93,000) (4,900 mins)
  2. muscle glycogen (1600) (80 mins)
  3. liver glycogen (400) (20 mins)
  4. plasma glucose (40) (2 mins)
39
Q

Use of blood glucose (Glucose/ Glycogen Interaction) regulated by

A

regulated by availability of
GLUT4 + hexokinase

40
Q

What is hexokinase

A

enzyme inhibited by rapid glycogen breakdown

41
Q

Fuel used in early exercise

A

Mainly glycogen

42
Q

Fuel used in later exercise

A

Less glycogen (stores reduced)
More glucose (hexokinase inhibition lifted)

43
Q

What is lipolysis regulated by

A

Adipose tissue blood flow

44
Q

Effect of prolonged exercise on blood flow

A

Increase 50% V02 max

45
Q

reduced blood flow in intense exercise causes:

A

release of FFA

46
Q

increased lactate in intense exercise promotes:

A

formations of triglyceride

47
Q

Onset of exercise (3 points) causes:

A
  1. Immediate energy from PCr + anaerobic glycolysis (+oxidation)
  2. Fast and immediately available
  3. PCr stores limited + anaerobic glycolysis inefficient (low yield)
48
Q

Continued exercise (2 points) causes: (energy store used)

A
  1. less utilisation of blood glycogen (store
    reduced)
  2. more utilisation of blood glucose (+ reduction of liver glycogen store)
49
Q

Further exercise (4 points) causes :

A
  1. > 2hrs fat oxidation max rate
  2. increased fat utilisation (more efficient) high yield
  3. limited glycogen store
  4. slow, limited intensity
50
Q
A

B1225 (11 decks)

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