10. Endurance Exercise for Health

Question 1

what is Atherosclerosis

Answer 1

Formation of atheroma (plaque) within coronary artery wall
Accumulation of material
– Macrophages
(containing lipids, e.g. cholesterol)
– Calcium
– Fibrous connective tissue

Question 2

Define atheroma

Answer 2

fatty deposits (plaque) on walls of arteries around the heart

Question 3

function of Lipoproteins

Answer 3

Transport cholesterol in the
circulation

Question 4

define cholesterol + function

Answer 4

waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells

Needed to make hormones, vit D, and substances that aid food digestion.

Question 5

2 types of lipoproteins

Answer 5

High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Question 6

Function of HDL

Answer 6

– Associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease
– Remove excess cholesterol from tissues and transport it to the liver

Question 7

Function of LDL

Answer 7

– Transport cholesterol to body tissues

Question 8

Development of Atheroma (14 steps)

Answer 8

refer to paper

Question 9

Consequences of Atherosclerosis
and plaque rupture

Answer 9

• Narrowed coronary artery can reduce blood supply to myocardium / increase blood
  pressure (vasoconstriction).
• Occlusion of coronary artery can cause myocardial infarction.
• Blood clotting.

Question 10

Modifiable Risk Factors of CHD

Answer 10

Raised/altered levels of blood cholesterol
Raised triglycerides with low HDL-cholesterol
High BP
Diabetes
Overweight/obesity
Inactive
Smoking

Question 11

Effect of Training Intensity on Blood Lipids

Answer 11

None

Question 12

Effect of Training Intensity on
Blood Pressure at Rest

Answer 12

reduction in BP at higher intensity exercise; no reduction at lower intensities

Question 13

Effect of Training Intensity on Insulin Sensitivity

Answer 13

improvement during higher intensity but not at low/moderate intensity

Question 14

Effect of Training Intensity on Body Fat

Answer 14

None

Question 15

Moderate vs Vigorous Training
Intensity

Answer 15

greater cardio protective benefit from high - vigorous to moderate intensity exercise

Question 16

what is Oxidative Stres

Answer 16

“An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants,
leading to a disruption in redox
signalling and control and/or molecular damage”

Key factor in development of
atherosclerosis.

Question 17

what do Oxidants cause

Answer 17

oxidation reaction

Question 18

what do antioxidants do

Answer 18

counteract oxidation reactions

Question 19

what can Uncontrolled oxidation do

Answer 19

damage body tissues

Question 20

LDL Normal vs oxidised conditions

Answer 20

normal:
regulated quantity of LDL taken up by macrophages via LDL receptor.

oxidised:
modified structure –
not recognised by LDL receptors.

Question 21

what are Oxidised LDL taken up by

Answer 21

macrophages via another set
of receptors in a non-regulated manner.

Question 22

Effect of Endurance Training OX-LDL

Answer 22

LDL oxidisability is lower at rest in trained individuals than sedentary controls.

Question 23

Endurance training effect on oxidative stress

Answer 23

reduces it

Question 24

Effect of Regular exercise on atherosclerosis

Answer 24

imparts a protective effect on atherosclerosis.