10. Endurance Exercise for Health Flashcards
what is Atherosclerosis
Formation of atheroma (plaque) within coronary artery wall
Accumulation of material
– Macrophages
(containing lipids, e.g. cholesterol)
– Calcium
– Fibrous connective tissue
Define atheroma
fatty deposits (plaque) on walls of arteries around the heart
function of Lipoproteins
Transport cholesterol in the
circulation
define cholesterol + function
waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells
Needed to make hormones, vit D, and substances that aid food digestion.
2 types of lipoproteins
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
Function of HDL
– Associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease
– Remove excess cholesterol from tissues and transport it to the liver
Function of LDL
– Transport cholesterol to body tissues
Development of Atheroma (14 steps)
refer to paper
Consequences of Atherosclerosis
and plaque rupture
- Narrowed coronary artery can reduce blood supply to myocardium / increase blood
pressure (vasoconstriction). - Occlusion of coronary artery can cause myocardial infarction.
- Blood clotting.
Modifiable Risk Factors of CHD
Raised/altered levels of blood cholesterol
Raised triglycerides with low HDL-cholesterol
High BP
Diabetes
Overweight/obesity
Inactive
Smoking
Effect of Training Intensity on Blood Lipids
None
Effect of Training Intensity on
Blood Pressure at Rest
reduction in BP at higher intensity exercise; no reduction at lower intensities
Effect of Training Intensity on Insulin Sensitivity
improvement during higher intensity but not at low/moderate intensity
Effect of Training Intensity on Body Fat
None
Moderate vs Vigorous Training
Intensity
greater cardio protective benefit from high - vigorous to moderate intensity exercise
what is Oxidative Stres
“An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants,
leading to a disruption in redox
signalling and control and/or molecular damage”
Key factor in development of
atherosclerosis.
what do Oxidants cause
oxidation reaction
what do antioxidants do
counteract oxidation reactions
what can Uncontrolled oxidation do
damage body tissues
LDL Normal vs oxidised conditions
normal:
regulated quantity of LDL taken up by macrophages via LDL receptor.
oxidised:
modified structure –
not recognised by LDL receptors.
what are Oxidised LDL taken up by
macrophages via another set
of receptors in a non-regulated manner.
Effect of Endurance Training OX-LDL
LDL oxidisability is lower at rest in trained individuals than sedentary controls.
Endurance training effect on oxidative stress
reduces it
Effect of Regular exercise on atherosclerosis
imparts a protective effect on atherosclerosis.
