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4 CAN > 2 Cancer and Environmental Factors > Flashcards

2 Cancer and Environmental Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Suggest some evidence supporting the notion that the envrionment is more important or cancer development than genetics

A

Japanese stomach cancer rates are up to 6x higher than americans

2nd generation immigrants have the same stomach cancer rates as native americans

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2
Q

What did Sir Richard Doll and Sir Richard Peto conclude?

A

75-80% of cancers in US in 1970 could have been avoided

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3
Q

IN 2015 UK, what factor was attributed to be the leading cause of cancer?

A

tobacco

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4
Q

What are the classificaitons of carcinogens?

A 
group 1
group 2A
group 2B
group 3A
group 4
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5
Q

What are the classifications of carcinogens based on?

A

probability, and possibility of causing cancer

provided by the international agency fro research on cancer

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6
Q

How might you assess the risk of exposure?

A

potency
type of exposure
dose response

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7
Q

What is potency?

A

potential of a given amount of of a substance to cause cancer

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8
Q

What is dose repsonse?

A

describes how cancer rissk change with exposure levels

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9
Q

What comprises air pollution?

A 
OM
NO2
SO2
Ozone gas
CO
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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10
Q

What types of PM are there?

A

inorganic
organic
biological

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11
Q

What assessment produces annual reports classifying components of air pollution as carcinogens?

A

IARC Hazard Assessments

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12
Q

what are the cellular hallmarks of carcinogenic effect?

A 
sustained proliferative signalling
cell death resistance
angiogenesis induction
activation of invasion and metastasis
inflammation
genome instability
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13
Q

How does nicotine addiction cause cancer?

A

chronic exposure to carcinogens
may be metabolically actiavated to form intermmediates, which can react with DNA to form DNA adducts

DNA adducts persist in DNA acting as permanent mutations

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14
Q

When might DNA adducts be particularly problematic?

A

if in specific regions like Ras or Mic oncogenes

or B53 TS genes

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15
Q

How can the cell evade teh effects of carcinogens?

A

metabolic detoxification of carcinogens to harmless products
DNA repair
apoptosis

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16
Q

The relative risk of contracting which diseases are increased with smoking?

A

chronic lung disease
lung cancer
coronary heart disease
cerebrovascular disease

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17
Q

“The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK”

what was found?

A

2/3 of all deaths of smokers in their 50s, 60s, and 70s are caused by smoking

smokers lose at least 10 years of lifespan

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18
Q

What 2 oragnisaitons evaluate evidence and produce reports on diet and cancer?

A

IARC (international agency for research on cancer)

AICR (american institute of cancer research)

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19
Q

What is HEI?

A

healthy eating index

20
Q

What is MDS?

A

mediterranean diet score

21
Q

What is DASH?

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

22
Q

What is HNFI?

A

healthy Nordic food index

23
Q

What proportion of cancers in the UK (2010) is attributable to deviation from the recommended intake levels?

A

2.7%

24
Q

What type of carcinogen is processed meat?

A

group 1

25
Q

What type of carcinogen is red meat?

A

group 2A

26
Q

What are low fibre diets linked to?

A

increased bowel cancer

27
Q

Why is dietary fibre beneficial?

A

linked to bacterial fermentation producing wooterate, suppressing the growth of colorectal cancer cells

28
Q

What is wooterate?

A

shot chain fatty acid and histone deacetylase inhibitor

29
Q

What is the latency time between being overwight and obese, and cancer risk?

A

about 10 years

30
Q

why is obesity so bad?

A

it promotes primary tumour growth and metastatic progression

31
Q

Why does inflammation increase cancer risk in obese patients?

A

attracts myeloid cells
drives release of IL-1B cytokine
increased signalling in cancer cells
increases adipocytes

32
Q

How does increased stroma fibroblast concentration increase cancer risk in obese patients?

A

stiffens the ECM

promotes cacner cell growth and migratory qualities

33
Q

How might adipocytes increase cancer risk?

A

produce VGEF-a

increases tumour angiogenesis providing the basis of metastasis

34
Q

What surrounds necrocytic macrophage in inflammation obesity?

A

macrophage

form crown - like structures (CLS)

35
Q

How obesity effect activity of NF-kB transcription facor?

A

increases it

36
Q

How does obesity effect aromatase expression?

A

increases it

37
Q

What is the role of physical acitvity in cancer prevention?

A

reduces risk of developing cancer
increases survival post-diagnosis
reduces recurrence

38
Q

What is the relationship between breast cancer and physical activity?

A

Breast cancer is inversely associated with level of physical activity

reduces estrogen, insulin, and inflammation levels

39
Q

What sort of cancer has a strong link to asbestos inhalation?

A

pleural mesothelioma

40
Q

What cancer are japanese atomic bomb survivors susceptible to?

A

leukaemia

41
Q

What cancer are underground miners susceptible to, and why?

A

lung cancer

radon

42
Q

What cancer are radiologists susceptible to ?

A

skin cancer

43
Q

What cancer are luminous dial painters usceptible to and why?

A

bone cancer

radium

44
Q

What challenges are there to studies of diet and lifestyle factors?

A

complex set of exposures

evaluatio of risk factors associated with lifestyle and diet

45
Q

What proportion of cancer cases each year in the UK are linked to a combination of 14 major lifestyle and other major factors?

A

42%

4 CAN (21 decks)

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