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D1 Spring - Physiology > 2/1: CNS Overview II > Flashcards

2/1: CNS Overview II Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetylcholine involved in?

A

Cognitive functions, especially memory

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2
Q

What accounts for a majority of dementia cases?

A

Alzheimer’s disease
*incidence increases with age

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3
Q

What is alzheimers disease due to?

A

Neuronal accumulation of abnormal proteins (A-beta amyloid and tau -a microtubule associated protein) and neurofibrially

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4
Q

What are areas severly impacted by alzheimer’s diseaes?

A

Hippocampus and temporal lobes

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5
Q

What does acetylcholien cause?

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of meynert that project throughout the cortex

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6
Q

What is treatment for alzheimer’s disease?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA (Glutamate receptor) antagonist

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7
Q

What does serotonin influence?

A

Sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion

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8
Q

It has been hypothesized that every neuron in the brain may be in ________ contact with a _______ neuron

A

Synaptic; serotonin

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9
Q

Where are raphe nuclei located?

A

In the midbrain (ex. nucleus raphe dorsalis), pons (ex. nucleus raphe pontis), and medulla obllongata (ex. nucleus raphe magnus)

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10
Q

What is the nucleus raphe magnus involved in?

A

Dampening ascending pain (nociceptive) signals

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11
Q

What are physiological processes under dopaminergic control?

A

Reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity

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12
Q

Where do neurons in the substantia nigra compacta project to?

A

Basal nuclei

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13
Q

What is the pathway the defenerates in parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia Nigra compacta which causes bradykenesia

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14
Q

Where do neurons in the ventral tegmental area peoject to?

A

The nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

What is dysfunction in the ventral tegmental area associated with?

A

Addiction, schizophrenia and psychoses (bipolar depression) and learning deficits

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16
Q

What does norepinephrine impact?

A

All areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention (alert state) and arousal

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17
Q

What is it suggested that depression is related to?

A

Deficiency in the amount or function of cortical and limbic serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)

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18
Q

All cases of antidepressants appear to enhance?

A

Synaptic availability of 5-HT, norepinephrine, or dopamine

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19
Q

Most voluntary movements ‘initiated’ by the cerebral cortex are achieved when the cortex activates ‘patterns’ of function stored in what areas?

A

Lower brain areas - the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

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20
Q

The motor system learns by?

A

Doing

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21
Q

The motor systems performance improves with?

A

Repetition - involves long-term potentiation

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22
Q

The brainstem along with the ____ can activate ________

A

Thalamus; lower motor neurons

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23
Q

If you want a muscle to contract you need to activate _______

A

Lower motor neurons

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24
Q

ACH binds to ________ which always causes _______

A

Nicotinic receptor; EPSP (contraction)

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25
Q

Upper motor neurons from the ______ intiate and direct sequences of _____ movement which is known as the ______ pathway

A

cerebral cortex; voluntary movement; pyramidal pathway

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26
Q

Other upper motor neurons originate in the _______________ and direct _________

A

Motor centers in the brainstem (extrapyramidal pathways); subconscious muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of the head and body

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27
Q

Voluntary movement is associated with what pathway?

A

Pyramidal pathway

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28
Q

Subconscious movement is associated with what pathway?

A

Extrapyramidal pathway

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29
Q

The lower motor neuron is _________ and releases ______ that binds to ________ on ___________

A

Cholinergic; ACH; nicotinic receptors; skeletal muscle

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30
Q

What does damage to the upper motor neuron cause?

A

Spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body

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31
Q

Spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body cause what?

A

Increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes such as babinski reflex

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32
Q

What does damage to the lower motor neuron cause?

A

Flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body

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33
Q

What does Flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body mean?

A

There is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers
Flaccid paralysis is like a floppy doll compared to a barbie doll that is high tone

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34
Q

What are the three regions of the motor cortex?

A
  1. Premotor area/cortex
  2. Supplementary motor area/cortex
  3. Primary motor area/cortex
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35
Q

What does the premotor cortex set?

A

Posture (ex: position, shoulder, and arm) at the start of planned movement

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36
Q

What does the premotor area determine?

A

The overall motor plam
Premotor = Plan

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37
Q

What does the primary motor cortex in the upper motor neuron activate?

A

Specific muscles to execute the plan

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38
Q

More than half of the primary motor cortex is devoted to controlling?

A

The muscles of the hands and muscles of speech

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39
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex involved in?

A

Organizing or planning motor sequences
Supplementary = Sequences

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40
Q

What do lesions in supplementary motor cortex produce?

A

Awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination

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41
Q

What do axons from neurons in the supplementary and primary motor cortex make up?

A

The corticospinal (lateral and ventral) and corticobulbar tracts

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42
Q

What indiciates a cortical areas function?

A

Cerebral blood flow

43
Q

What is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract called?

A

The direct motor pathway

44
Q

Fibers from the corticospinal tract originate and descend where?

A

motor cortex and descend through the inernal capsule of the cerebrum

45
Q

In the medulla oblongata, axon bundles are known as?

A

Pyramids

46
Q

90% of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in the medulla oblongata and these axons form?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord
Distal muscles (hands, feet)

47
Q

The 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and these axons form the?

A

Anterior corticospinal tract
Proximal muscles (pelvic girdle, muscles of trunk)

48
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract fibers decussate where? and synapse where?

A

In the spinal cord; synapse with the lower motor neuron

49
Q

What do both lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tract synapse with?

A

The lower motor neuron’s ventral horn of the spinal cord

50
Q

Where do corticobulbar tract fibers originate and terminate?

A

Originate: motor cortex
Terminate: nuclei in hthe brainste,

51
Q

What cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract?

A

Oculomotor (CN III)
Trochlear (CN IV)
trigeminal (CN V)
Abducens (CN VI)
Facial (CN VII)
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus (CN X)
Accessory (CN XI)
Hypoglossal (CN XII)

52
Q

What do corticobulbar tract fibers innervate?

A

Lower motor neuron that control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, and some muscles of the neck and pharynx

53
Q

What is the innervation of corticobulbar tract msuscles?

A

Bilateral (except genioglossus muscle and some muscles innervated by the facial nerve)

54
Q

If a cranial nerve controls skeletal muscle, then the _________ pathway is activating the LMN

A

Corticobulbar pathway

55
Q

What pathways regulate the activity of the LMN?

A

Corticospinal (anterior and lateral)
Corticubulbar

56
Q

What are the extrapyramidal motor tracts responsible for?

A

Subconscious control of skeletal muscles

57
Q

What is the location of the rubrospinal tract in the UMN?

A

Red nucleus in midbrain

58
Q

What is the site of crossover for the rubro spinal tract?

A

midbrain

59
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Upper limb muscle tone and movement

60
Q

What is the location of the tectospinal tract in the UMN?

A

Midbrain (superior and inferior colliculi)

61
Q

What is the site of crossover of the tectispinal tract?

A

Midbrain

62
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Regulation of eye, head, neck and UL position in response to visual and auditory stimuli

63
Q

What is the location of the vestibulospinal tract in the UMN?

A

Vestibular nucleus (pons and medulla)

64
Q

What is the site of crossover in the vestibulospinal tract?

A

None (controls ipsilateral muscles)

65
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Regulation of balance and muscle tone

66
Q

What is the location of the reticulospinal tract in the UMN?

A

Media RS (pons +)
Lateral RS (medulla -)

67
Q

What is the site of crossover for the reticulospinal tract?

A

None (controls ipsilateral muscles)

68
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Regulates muscles of the trunk and limbs for maintaining posture and tone in response to ongoing body movements

69
Q

What is UMN activity regulated by?

A

Basal nuclei via the thalamus

70
Q

What are basal nuclei involved in?

A

Initiating and terminating movements
Suppressing unwatned movements
Establishing a normal level of muscle tone

71
Q

What does substance nigra do?

A

Dopaminergic that turns up direct pathway of basal nuclei and turns down indirect pathway which increases motor activity

72
Q

What is the result of direct pathway?

A

More activation in motor cortex

73
Q

What do striatal interneurons cholinergic do?

A

Turn DOWN the direct pathway
Turn UP the indirect pathway
Decreased VAVL drive to cortex
LESS MOTOR ACTIVITY

74
Q

What does substantia nigra dopaminergic do?

A

Turn UP the direct pathway
Turn DOWN the indirect pathway
INCREASED VAVL drive to cortex
MORE MOTOR ACTIVITY

75
Q

What kind of disorder is parkinsons?

A

Hypokinetic disorder

76
Q

How does parkinson’s disease occur?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra that project to the striatum where they inhibit cholinergic neurons

77
Q

What are clinical manifestations of parkinsons?

A

Bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill rolling, tremor, shuffling gate, stooped posture, depression, dementia

78
Q

When a tremor impacts the tongue and lips, what does this further impact?

A

Mastication, swallowing, and speech

79
Q

What are common oral mangiestations?

A

Due to the medications for parkinsons (targeted at dopamine)
Difficulty with oral hygeine, xerostomia, burning mouht/mucositis, difficulty swallowing, drooling, and less caries/more teeth than age matched controls

80
Q

What kind of disorder is huntington?

A

Hyperkinetic disorder

81
Q

What is huntington disease?

A

Autosomal dominant genetic disease
Loss of GABAergic neurons, resulting in reduced inhibitory output from the striatum

82
Q

What are clinical manifestations of huntington disease?

A

Chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements)l athetosis (slow writhing movements), personality changes, dementia

83
Q

What are oral manifestations of huntington disease?

A

Speech difficulties, grimacing, dysphagia
Treatment can be hindered by involuntary mouth and jaw movements
Sedation may be required for treatment of some patients

84
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in monitoring?

A

Dufferences between intended movements and movements actually performed

85
Q

What commands does the cerbellum issue?

A

To UMN to reduce errors in movements

86
Q

What does the cerebellum coordinate?

A

Body movements to maintain normal posture and balance

87
Q

What do cerebellum diseases result in?

A

Alterations in gait, balance, and coordination of motor activities; NOT paralysis

88
Q

What are examples of cerebellar diseases?

A

Dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia (difficulty w/ rapid alternating movements)

89
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum receive input from?

A

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ (GTO) via spinocerebellar tracts

90
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A

Coordination of body and limb movement, maintenance of muscle tone

91
Q

What are effect of a spinocerebellum lesion?

A

Ataxia
Dysdiadochokinesia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Hypotonia

92
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?

A

Vestibular nuclei CN VIII
Superior Colliculi
Visual cortex

93
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Balance and eye movement

94
Q

What are effect of vestibulocerebellum lesions?

A

Vertigo
Nystagmus

95
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellum receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex and inferior olivary nucleus in medulla

96
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planning and execution of movements; coordinating complex sequential movements

97
Q

What are effect lesions of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Abnormal coordination of ipsilateral movements
Dysdiadochokinesia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor

98
Q

What is the pathway starting from where you get an idea to when it becomes a movement?

A
99
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?

A

Vestibular system

100
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum adjust the action of?

A

Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways

101
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced by nucleus basalis of meynert?

A

Acetylcholine

102
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced by raphe nuclei?

A

Serotonin

103
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced by substantia nigra compacta and ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens?

A

Dopamine

104
Q
A

D1 Spring - Physiology (17 decks)

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