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D1 Spring - Physiology > 1/26: Nervous System Overview & Action Potentials > Flashcards

1/26: Nervous System Overview & Action Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the two major control systems of the body mediating systemic homeostatic processes?

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Integration of blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels via respiratory activity
  3. Regulation of volumes and pressures in the circulation via cardiovascular and urinary function
  4. Digestive system motility and secretion
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3
Q

What does the NS work along with to maintain systemic homeostasis?

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

What system is a quick fix to homeostatic disturbances?

A

NS

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5
Q

What system is a slower long-term maintenance?

A

ES

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6
Q

What is the functional unit in the NS?

A

Neurons

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7
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Support cells for neurons

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8
Q

The NS uses a combination of ______ and ________ signals to communicate information around the body

A

Chemical; electrical

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9
Q

What are receptors in the NS?

A
  1. Special sensory receptors (sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing)
  2. Visceral sensory receptors (monitor internal organs, including those of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems)
  3. Somatic sensory receptors (monitor skeletal muscles, joints, skin surface; provide position sense and touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations)
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10
Q

What makes up the afferent division of the NS?

A

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

What makes up the efferent division of the NS?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

What can the peripheral NS be further divided into?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What can autonomic be further divided into?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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14
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What does the parasympathetic and sympethetic division control?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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16
Q

What are the two types of effector responses in the NS?

A
  1. Local
  2. Systemic
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17
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites (info enters)
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon (info exits)
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18
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

First portion of the axon

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19
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

In the cell body (clusters of ribosomes) produce protein and causes cell body to appear gray

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20
Q

Many neurons have axons that are ________

A

Myelinated

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21
Q

________ are formed by neuroglia cells

A

Internodes

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22
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin for axons in CNS

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23
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Form myelin for axons in PNS

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24
Q

Inernodes are separated by small segments of axon not covered in myelin which is known as ________

A

Nodes of ranvier

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25
Q

What is the function of the myelin covering?

A

Speed up the rate of nerve impulse conduction (saltatory conduction)

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26
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Central cell body with dendrites on one side and axon on the other

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27
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites are continuous with axon
Cell body is pushed to one side

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28
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Multiple dendrites attached to the cell body

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29
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor nuerons
  3. Interneurons
30
Q

What are the structure of sensory neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons, bipolar

31
Q

What is the relation of sensory neurons with the PNS?

A

Afferent division of PNS
Dendrites/cell body in PNS

32
Q

What is the relation of sensory neurons to the CNS?

A

Carry sensory information from reflex receptor to CNS
Axons typically myelinated and extend into CNS

33
Q

What is the structure of motor neurons?

A

Multipolar neurons

34
Q

What is the relation of motor neurons with the PNS?

A

Efferent PNS
Axons typically myelinated, extend into PNS and synapse with effectors

35
Q

What is the relation of motor neurons with the CNS?

A

Carry moto commands from CNS to EFFECTORS
Dendrites/cell body in CNS

36
Q

What is the structure of interneurons?

A

Multipolar, anaxonic

37
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

Only in the CNS

38
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Carry information from one neuron to another
Integration

39
Q

Are interneurons myelinated?

A

May or may not be

40
Q

What are the two types of electrical signals in neurons?

A
  1. Action potentials
  2. Graded potentials
41
Q

What is the strength and size of an action potential?

A

Always the same (depolarization followed by repolarization) with no change in strength or size as they travel along the membane

42
Q

Is an action potential all or none?

A

Yes

43
Q

What are action potentials triggerd by?

A

At axon hillock when threshold potential is reached (Vm at which AP triggered; typically around -50mV)

44
Q

Where does an action potential propogate?

A

Along cell membrane of axon from axon hillock toward axon terminal

45
Q

What is the speed of an action potential?

A

Relatively fast changes in membrane potential

46
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Small changes in membrane potential of variable strength/amplitude

47
Q

Where do graded potential travel?

A

A short distance along membrane and lose strength as they travel

48
Q

What is the duration of graded potentials compared to action potentials?

A

Longer than APs

49
Q

What are examples of graded potentials?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs
Receptor potentials, end plate potentials

50
Q

What are EPSPs?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (depolarizations); moves Vm towards threshold potential; increases likelihood of AP

51
Q

What are IPSPs?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarizations); moves Vm away from threshold; decreases likelihood of AP

52
Q

What are receptor potentials?

A

Reflex receptors; excitatory

53
Q

What are end plate potentials?

A

Skeletal muscles; excitatory

54
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Vm becomes more positive (less negative) (EPSPs)
*1 on the chart

55
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Vm returns to resting value
*2 on the chart

56
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

Vm becomes more negative than resting (IPSPs)

57
Q

Which ion channels if opened, cause an EPSP?

A

Increase Na+ in, increase Ca+ in

58
Q

Which ion channels if opened cause an IPSP?

A

Increase K+ out, increase Cl- in

59
Q

What is happening at A, B, and C?

A

A. Resting membrane potential
B. EPSP depolarizes membrane
C. EPSP reaches threshold and causes voltage-gated Na+ channel to open - transition from graded potential to action potential (axon hillock)

60
Q

What is happening at D and E?

A

D. Depolarization; Na+ moves into the cell through open voltage gated Na+ channe;s
(activated via positive feedback)
E. VG Na+ channels close and slow voltage-gated K+ channels open

61
Q

What is happening at F, G, H, and A?

A

F. repolarization; K+ moves outside of the cell through open VG K+ channels
G. Hyperpolarization; VG K+ channels still open
H. Voltage gated K+ channels close
A. Resting membrane potential

62
Q

What are the two gates that facilitate the Na+ channel?

A
  1. Activation gate
  2. Inactivation gate
63
Q

What is the activation gate?

A

Closed at resting Vm, quickly opens at threshold depolarization

64
Q

What is the inactivation gate?

A

Open at resting Vm, slowly closes at threshold depolarization

65
Q

What is resting mV for the voltage-gated Na+ channel?

A

-70mV

66
Q

What is mV for the voltage-gated Na+ channel when activated?

A

-55mV to 35mV

67
Q

What is mV for the voltage-gated Na+ channel when inactivated?

A

+35mV to -70mV

68
Q

What is the voltage gated K+ channel?

A

Single voltage gate begins to open at threshold, but is slow– delayed by the same time as the VG Na+ channel’s inactivation gate

69
Q

What is resting mV for the voltage gated K+ channel?

A

-70mV

70
Q

What is slow activation mV for the voltage gated K+ channel?

A

+35mV to -70mV

71
Q

Activation of Na+ channels occurs via a ________ feedback loop

A

Positive
*once the inactivation gate is closed the positive feedback loop stops

D1 Spring - Physiology (17 decks)

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