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D1 Spring - Physiology > 1/20: CNS Overview > Flashcards

1/20: CNS Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system organized into?

A

Central & peripheral NS
Somatic & autonomic NS
Afferent & efferent pathway

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2
Q

What plays a key role in both pathways?

A

The thalamaus (part of the diencephalon)

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3
Q

What is necessary for almost all cortical activity?

A

Thalamic excitation of the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the _______

A

Dorsal root

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5
Q

What do sensory neurons synapse with after entering the spinal cord via the dorsal root?

A

Interneurons and/or motor neurons in the gray matter

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6
Q

Motor neurons exit the spinal cord via the __________ to go to _______

A

Ventral root; effectors

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7
Q

The spinal cord contains a central portion of _____ matter surrounded by _____ matter

A

Gray; white

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8
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies and interneurons

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9
Q

What is white matter?

A

Neuron axons

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10
Q

What contains ascending sensory axons?

A

Dorsal columns and spinothalamic tract

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11
Q

What contains descending motor axons?

A

Corticospinal tract

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12
Q

Is the dorsal columns sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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13
Q

What does the dorsal column transmit and send to brain?

A

Vibration
Position
Two-point discrimination
Deep touch

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14
Q

Is the corticospinal tract motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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15
Q

What does the corticospinal tract transmit and send to motor neurons?

A

Paralysis, paresis
Spasticity
Hyper-reflexia
Clonus
Babinski sign

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16
Q

Is the spinothalamic tract sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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17
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract transmit to brain?

A

Contralateral pain and temp

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18
Q

What is the cerebrum further divided into?

A

a. Cerebral cortex (cortical level)
b. Basal nuclei

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19
Q

What is the diancephalon further divided into?

A

a. Hypothalamus
b. Thalamus

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20
Q

What are the subcortical levels of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. midbrain
  4. pons
  5. medulla oblongata
  6. cerebellum
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21
Q

What is collectively called the brainstem?

A

Midbrain/mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongota

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22
Q

The two cerebral hemispheres are further subdivided into what lobes?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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23
Q

What are specialized areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Premotor and primary motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Broca’s area

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24
Q

What are specialized areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary sensory cortex
Primary gustatory cortex

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25
Q

What are specialized areas of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Primary olfactory cortex
Wernicke’s area

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26
Q

For each sensory modality, there is a _______ area as well as a _______ area

A

primary area (primary olfactory cortex); modality-specific association area (olfactory association cortex)

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27
Q

What is the function of association (secondary) areas?

A

Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both the sensory and motor cortices and subcortical areas

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28
Q

In about 95% of people, the _____ hemisphere is the dominant/categorical hemisphere

A

Left

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29
Q

What does the left hemisphere contain?

A

Wernicke’s area and broca’s area
*motor areas controlling hands are also dominant leading to right-handedness in most people

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30
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum

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31
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

Neuron cell bodies

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32
Q

What does the corpus callosum allow for?

A

Information stored in one hemisphere available to the opposite hemisphere

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33
Q

What does severing the corpus callosum prevent?

A

Somatic and visual information from the right side of the body from reaching the general interpretive area to be used for decision making

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34
Q

What lobes of the cerebral cortex would you suspect to
be the site of the lesion if a person was demonstrating
the following impairments?
1. Paresthesias (numbness, abnormal sensations of tingling, electric shock, or
pins and needles) or an impaired ability to localize or measure the intensity of painful stimuli or impaired
perception of various forms of cutaneous sensation.
2. Visual hallucinations as flashes of light, rainbows, brilliant stars, or bright lines.
3. Buzzing and roaring sensations and/or
mild hearing loss.
4. Seizures that begin as focal twitching
and spread contralateral flaccid paresis, or paralysis

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Occipital
  3. Temporal
  4. Frontal
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35
Q

What does the prefrontal association area (cortex) do?

A
  • Decreased aggressiveness and inappropriate
    social responses
  • Ability to progress towards goals or to carry
    through sequential thoughts
  • Keep track of many pieces of information
    simultaneously and recall the information as
    needed (working memory)
36
Q

What do broca’s and wernicke’s areas do?

A
  • In left cerebral hemisphere in almost all right-handed individuals.
  • Language Centers involved in production of speech (Broca’s) and interpretation of spoken and written language (Wernicke’s)
37
Q

What is the pathway of speaking a heard word?

A
  1. primary auditory area
  2. Wernicke’s area to interpret (comes first because involved w/ spoken and written language)
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Motor cortex to speak the word
38
Q

What is the pathway of speaking a written word?

A
  1. Primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
  2. Wernickes to interpret
  3. Broca’s area (make plan for how to say it)
  4. Frontal lobe to end at motor cortex
39
Q

What is broca’s area?

A

Production of speech

40
Q

What is wernicke’s area?

A

Interpretation of speech

41
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Fluent and receptive
- damage to wernicke’s area
- individual called fluent because can say words just don’t make sense
- trouble recepting or receiving info

42
Q

What is basal nuclei considered?

A

An accessory motor system as it functions in close association with the cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) and the corticospinal descending motor pathway

43
Q

What are basal nuclei associated with?

A

Cerebrum
Nuclei = neuron cell bodies

44
Q

What do basal nuclei include?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen. globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

45
Q

What two pathways do the basal nuclei form?

A

Direct and indirect pathway

46
Q

What does the direct pathway do?

A

Increases cortical excitation and promotes movement

47
Q

What does the indirect pathway do?

A

inhibits cortical activity and inhibits movement

48
Q

What is terminology for the stratum?

A

Stratum = caudate + putamen

49
Q

What is terminology for the lentiform nucleus?

A

lentiform nucleus = globus pallidus + putament

50
Q

What is terminology for the corpus striatum?

A

corpus striatum = lentiform nucleus + caudate

51
Q

Disorders of the basal nuclei cause?

A

Movement disorders - dyskinesias

52
Q

What are hypokinetic disorders (parkinson’s disease) due to?

A

Damage to the direct pathway

53
Q

What are hyperkinetic movement disorders (huntington’s disease) a result from?

A

Damage to the indirect pathway

54
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
  4. subthalamus
55
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex

56
Q

What other kind of pathways synapse in the thalamus?

A

Motor control pathways

57
Q

What is the hypothalamus involved in maintaining?

A

Homeostasis

58
Q

What systems does the hypothalamus impact?

A

The autonomic, endocrine and limbic systems

59
Q

What does the epithalamus contain?

A

The pineal body (secretes melatonin) that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythyms

60
Q

What is the subthalamus involved in?

A

Basal nuclei and control of voluntary movement

61
Q

What does damage to the subthalamus cause?

A

Hemiballismus (contralateral flinging movement of one or both extremities)

62
Q

What is contained in the midbrain?

A
  1. centers for motor control
  2. nuclei of the reticular formation
  3. periaqueductal gray region (PAG)
63
Q

What three things make up the center for motor control?

A
  1. Substantia nigra
  2. red nucleus
  3. superior and inferior colliculi
64
Q

What are the functions of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual

65
Q

What are the functions of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory

66
Q

What rises from the superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain?

A

Tectospinal tract

67
Q

What does the tectospinal tract cause?

A

Head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli
*hearing someone drop something and turning head

68
Q

What act in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) to induce analgesia?

A

Morphine and endogenous (built-in) opioid peptides

69
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG) part of?

A

Descending pathway that modulates pain transmission by inhibition of primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn
**Descending neurons that stop ascending signals

70
Q

What is the pons known as?

A

The pneumotaxic center

71
Q

What does the pons regulate?

A

Centers in the medulla

72
Q

What does activation of the pons limit?

A

Inspiration time and increases respiration rate

73
Q

Pons nuclei help the formation of what?

A

Reticular formation

74
Q

What is in the pons that is for motor control?

A

Pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei

75
Q

Pons is a ______ center

A

Swallowing (along with the medulla oblongata)

76
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Motor control of posture, muscle tone and learning of repeated motor functions

77
Q

Diseases of the cerebellum result in?

A

Alterations in gait, balance and coordination of motor activities; not paralysis

78
Q

What is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata

79
Q

What 5 things does the medulla oblongata include?

A
  1. Autonomic control centers
  2. Nucleus raphe magnus (serotonin) and rostral ventromedial medula (norepinephrine)
  3. Medullary reticular nuclei
  4. Pyramids
  5. Nuclei for the reticular formation
80
Q

What do nucleus raphe magnus and rostral ventromedial medulla do?

A

Release NT onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals

81
Q

What are pyramids in the medulla oblongata?

A

Motor axons of the corticospinal tract that cross over on the other side of the body

82
Q

How do nerve signals in the brainstem activate the cerebrum?

A

By activating neurohormonal systems that release specific facilitatory or inhibitory substances into selected areas of the brain

83
Q

What in the brainstem activates the cortex via the thalamus?

A

Reticular excitatory activating system (RAS)

84
Q

What does Reticular excitatory activating system (RAS) do?

A
  • pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area
  • ach is one of the nt
85
Q

What is consciousness maintained by?

A

The normal functioning of the RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections to the thalamus and cerebral hemispheres

86
Q

What does a coma result from?

A

Lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

What depress the RAS?

A

Barbiturates (Ex: thiopental), which controls consciousness

D1 Spring - Physiology (17 decks)

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