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OB > 1st trimester loss-Table 1 > Flashcards

1st trimester loss-Table 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What defines 1st trimester loss?

A

Termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks, loss before viability outside of the womb

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2
Q

When do the majority of spontaneous miscarriages happen (SAB)?

A
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3
Q

What are the causes of 1st trimester loss?

A

Infectious, immune, environmental, endocrine, structural

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4
Q

What is a major endocrine cause of 1st trim loss?

A

Uncontrolled glucose from type I DM

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5
Q

When is SAB most commonly caused by ETOH?

A

High doses in the first 8 weeks

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6
Q

What might be some concerning hx symptoms that could indicate 1st trimester loss?

A

Cramps, backache, vaginal blood or discharge, and uterine contractions

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7
Q

What diagnostics should be run to confirm a viable pregnancy?

A

Serum B-hCG should double q 48 hrs up to 60-80 days post last menstrual cycle
US: should have gestational sac 4-5 weeks and fetal pole at 5-6 weeks

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8
Q

Spotting or a light bleed around the time of expected pregnancy is normal or abnormal?

A

Normal if light flow, if heavy like an actual period more likely SAB
Always work them up regardless

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9
Q

What are some benign reasons for spotting?

A

Corpus luteum dissolution, implantation

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10
Q

What are the types of spontaneous miscarriages?

A

Threatened, inevitable, missed

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11
Q

What are emergent conditions associated with spotting?

A

Ectopic or molar

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12
Q

What might your pt present with if threatened abortion?

A

Hx of spotting and absence of ab/pelvic issues

All the PE is normal

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13
Q

What should you check for if mom is past 12 weeks and threatened abortion?

A

Check for FHT with doppler

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14
Q

What should you be checking if pt has threatened?

A

B-hCG, US,

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15
Q

How is a threatened abortion managed?

A

Reassurance and precautions

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16
Q

What does a threatened abortion mean?

A

May or may not abort… body is deciding
Have them call if bleeding intensifies or ab and pelvic pain…. No sex no tampons maybe stay off her feet (that probs wont help in real life)

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17
Q

If threatened progresses to inevitable, what s/s might mom present with?

A

Dilated or open cervix dilted, bleeding, and uterine contractions , low back ache

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18
Q

what is incomplete?

A

Partially expelled POC, cervix is dilated and there is bleeding and abdominal pain

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19
Q

What is complete?

A

Os closed, canal clear, uterus has expelled all of the POC, +/- adnexal mass, uterus smaller than GA

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20
Q

How is an incomplete AB managed?

A

In office… ring forceps to remove visible POC and send to path….monitor B-hCG levels until 0-5.. weekly for about 5 weeks to make sure tissue is gone
KEY: if there is any chorionic villi in sample confirms that POC is out
Hospital: suction curettage to remove POC- monitor B-hCG, will drop quickly

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21
Q

What is a missed AB?

A

Embryo fails to develop but POC is retained… no pain or symptoms really
May have brown discharge

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22
Q

What do you check in missed AB?

A

US and Doppler…. Verify no heart beats or nothing in sac

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23
Q

How is missed AB tx?

A

Need to do hospital outpt suction curettage to remove the POC

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24
Q

What are other managements for missed AB?

A
  • Monitor bleeding/pain symptoms until B-hCG levels 0-5; analgesia PRN
  • Minimize infection risk: monitor temp, pelvic rest
  • Rh immunoglobulin (Rh negative mothers)
  • Emotional support….. these pts will be angry because they were pregnant and had viable pregnancy past 6-8wks
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25
Q

What are the types of induced abortions?

A

1- Maternal choice: elective termination

2- therapeutic termination

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26
Q

How long do you have to induce abortions with medical option?

A

Depends on state…. 63 days

27
Q

What are the medications used in medical abortion?

A

1st, Oral mifepristone: reverses UC inhibition & causes uterine lining to thin & prevents embryo from remaining implanted
next give misoprostol combo: causes contraction and expulsion, 24-48hrs after mife

28
Q

when should women be rechecked to make sure there has been complete expulsion?

A

With in 2 weeks

29
Q

What is the surgical procedure for abortion?

A

Vacuum aspiration 13 wks

30
Q

What are post surgical complications you should have your women come back in for?

A 
Severe abdominal or back pain 
Heavy bleeding (soaking 2 maxipads per hour x 2 consecutive hours) 
Foul-smelling discharge; Temp > 100.4°F
Rh immunoglobulin (Rh negative mothers)
Emotional support
31
Q

What defines recurrent loss?

A

> /= 2 consecutive pregnancies or SAB btwn full term IUP

32
Q

What are the different causes depending on timing for recurrent loss?

??????

A

1st trimester: parent karyotypes - genetics
2nd trimester-Cervical insufficiency: painless effacement & dilation
Common hx: cervical conization

33
Q

How is cervical insufficient tx?

A

Cervical cerclage

34
Q

Where are the majority of ectopic pregnancies located?

A

Fallopian tube

35
Q

What are risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?

A 
Prior abd’l or pelvic surgery
Tubal scarring 2ndary PID/salpingitis
Prior ectopic or tubal surgery
Hx STD 
Hx infertility & ART procedures
36
Q

What are the S/S of ectopic pregnancies?

A

Asymptomatic or vaginal some bleeding or emergent d/t hemodynamic compromise (rare) - might have ab pain

  • might have mass
  • might have bleeding
  • +/- N, V, breast fullness … not really
37
Q

What will be s/sof emergent ectopic preggo?

A

If shoulder pain… HOSPITAL ASAP will need emergent surgical handling
Ab guarding, hypotension, tachy, dizzy, fever

38
Q

What should be used to diagnose?

A

TVUS to look for sac
B-hCG
If no sac and beta >2000, diagnostic of ectopic until proven otherwise

39
Q

What is stable and early ectopic and how is it managed?

A

Asymptomatic, beta

40
Q

If you have expectant management what kind of pts do you have to have??

A

RELIABLE and have easy access to your clinic

41
Q

If your ectopic mom is not stable, how is it managed?

A

1- need informed consent
2- give one dose methotrexate
3- follow up to confirm termination

42
Q

What are the CI to methotrexate?

A

Breastfeeding, immunodef’cy, alcoholism or liver dz d/t EtoH, pre-existent bone marrow/blood dyscrasias, active pulmonary dz, PUD

43
Q

What does mom need to avoid when taking the metho?

A

Avoid ETOH, NSAIDS, folic acid supplements, sun exposure (photosensitivity), no coitus until beta negative, no strenuous exercise

44
Q

What do you need to get pre-tx for ectopic?

A

serum creatinine, LFTs, CBC & repeat 1 week s/p methotrexate

45
Q

How is the methotrexate given?

A

Single IM dose

46
Q

How long do you need to recheck beta quant after methotrexate?

A

days 4 & 7 post injection (expect 15% drop in level) then weekly until undetectable

47
Q

What are the surgical options for ectopic pregnancy?

A 
Laparoscopic linear salpingostomy
-Removes pregnancy – preserves tube
Laparoscopic segmental resection 
-Removes portion of tube w/pregnancy
Salpingectomy
-Remove entire tube
48
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic neoplasia?

A

spectrum abnormal placental proliferation (trophoblastic tissue)

49
Q

What are the types of GTN?

A

Benign: : hydatidiform mole (aka molar pregnancy)

Persistent or malignant dz

50
Q

What happens to the chorionic villi in benign GTN?

A

Villi continue to grow & become swollen & visible as “drops of water” - placenta develops into abnormal mass of cysts

51
Q

What is the hydatidiform mole?

A

Non-malignant, non-metastatic but not compatible w/fetal life

52
Q

What is the complete type of hydatidiform mole?

A

no embryo just abnormal placenta, more likely to undergo malignant transformation
caused by abnormality of fertilized egg – all chromosomes from dad

53
Q

What is a partial hydatidiform mole?

A

Some fetal development & abnormal placenta

54
Q

What is the cause of partial?

A

Maternal chromosomes remain but father provides two sets of chromosomes
Result: embryo has 69 chromosomes instead of 46

55
Q

What might mom come in complaining of if GTN suspected?

A

Normal IUP initially or dark brown to bright red vaginal bleeding 1st trimester, severe N/V, severe anemia, rarely pelvic pressure or pain

56
Q

What will the PE look like in a women with GTN?

A

Absent FHT, rapid uterine growth - too large for GA, HTN, preeclampsia, hyperthyroidism
Most likely present at 12-14 weeks can be as early as 8-9

57
Q

What will be the clinical presentation of complete ?

A

no embryo/fetus; no amniotic fluid; thick & cystic placenta filled uterus (snowstorm appearance), ovarian cysts

58
Q

What will be the clinical presentation of partial?

A

growth-restricted fetus; low amniotic fluid; a thick cystic placenta

59
Q

What is the tx for GTN?

A

Stabilize

Evacuate via D+C

60
Q

What is management following GTN tx?

A
  • -B-hCG w/in 48 hrs s/p evacuation then q 1-2 weeks/while elevated then q 1-2 months for 6 months to 1 year
  • –Contraception 1 year
61
Q

What constitutes persistent GNT?

A

Rise B-hCG after decline or plateau

62
Q

How is a localized single invasive mole persistent GTN tx?

A

Single agent chemo

63
Q

How is a choriocarcinoma persistent GTN tx?

A

Multi agent chemo

OB (11 decks)

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