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Biology > 1G Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

1G Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Glucose is broken down (hydrogen ions being removed and the transfer of electrons by dehydrogenase enzymes) to release ATP.

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2
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

Transfer of energy (energy source) and providing phosphate for the phosphorylation of molecules.

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3
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes?

A

To remove H ions from respiratory substrates.

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4
Q

What are NAD and FAD?

A

Co-enzymes which accept H ions.

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5
Q

NAD and FAD become NADH and FADH2 respectively. They are said to have become what?

A

Reduced.

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6
Q

Describe Glycolysis.

A
  • Glucose (6C) is phosphorylase into an intermediate 1. The phosphate is provided by ATP forming ADP.
  • The enzyme Phosphofruktokinase phosphorylates the 2nd intermediate to become another intermediate molecule 3. The phosphate is provided by ATP forming ADP.
  • Further chemical reactions take place to convert the intermediate 3 into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C), generating 4ATP. Net gain of 2 ATP.
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7
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen to take place?

A

No.

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9
Q

Why is it called the energy investment stage?

A

2ATP are required to start the process of glycolysis.

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10
Q

Why is it called the energy payoff stage?

A

4ATP are produced giving a net gain of 2ATP.

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11
Q

What is the function nod phosphofruktokinase?

A

To phosphorylase fructose 1-6 phosphate into fructose 1-6 Bi-Phosphate.

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12
Q

What molecule donated its phosphate so that phosphorylation can take place?

A

ATP

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13
Q

Describe the stages of the link stage and Citric Acid Cycle.

A
  • Pyruvate (3C) is converted into an Acetyl Group (2C). CO2 is released.
  • Each Acetyl Group combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl coenzyme A. During the process, further H+ are removed from and join to NAD (becoming NADH2).
  • The acetyl group (2C) of the Acetyl coenzyme A joins with a molecule of oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C).
  • Further enzyme controlled steps take place, releasing CO2,H+. H+ becomes bound to NAD and FAD.
  • ATP is generated and oxaloacetate is regenerated to continue the cycle.
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14
Q

What gas is produced when 3 carbon pyruvate is converted into 2 carbon Acetyl Coenzyme A?

A

CO2.

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15
Q

How is citrate formed?

A

4 carbon Acetyl group combines with carbon oxaloacetate to form 6 carbon citrate.

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16
Q

Is ATP generated during the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Yes. 1 ATP molecule per cycle.

17
Q

Is CO2 released during the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Yes. When citrate is broken down into the first two intermediates.

18
Q

Is oxaloacetate regenerated during the cycle?

A

Yes.

19
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Consists of a group of protein molecules.

20
Q

Where are these found?

A

Attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

21
Q

What are Cristae?

A

Christae are folds of inner mitochondrial membrane which increase the surface area for ATP production.

22
Q

What is the purpose of the cristae having more folds?

A

More folds, more ATP produced.

23
Q

What type of cells contain more cristae and more with increased number of folds?

A

Active cells such as muscle and speed cells have increased number of folds in their mitochondria.

24
Q

Do NADH and FADH release high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain on the mitochondrial membrane which results in the bulk of ATP?

A

Yes.

25
Q

Describe what happens during ATP synthesis?

A

High energy electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions across the membranes and the flow of these back through the membrane synthesises ATP using the membrane protein ATP synthase.

26
Q

Name the final oxygen and electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen.

27
Q

Name alternative respiratory substrates.

A

Fats, proteins, fatty acids, glycerol, Amin acids.

28
Q

Is cellular respiration regulated by feedback inhibition?

A

Yes.

29
Q

Which two substances inhibit the action of phosphofruktokinase?

A

ATP and Citrate.

30
Q

Why does these substances inhibit phosphofruktokinase?

A

To synchronise the rates of glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle.

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