1D Foundations 4 - Cell Biology-Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Myosin
Microtubules

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2
Q

Major role played by Actin?

A

Cellular motility

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3
Q

Major role of Myosin?

A

Generates muscle contraction

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4
Q

Vimentin has which functions?

A

Support cellular membranes. Keeo certain organelles fixed in cytoplasm

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5
Q

Vimentin is a structural component of and include?

A

Connective tissue.

Fibroblasts, Leukocytes, Endothelium

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6
Q

Desmin is a structural component of?

A

Muscle cells (smooth, skeletal, heart)

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7
Q

Cytokeratin is a structural component of?

A

Epithelial cells (keratin in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes)

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8
Q

Glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP) is a structural component of?

A

Astrocytes, Schwann cells, other neuroglia

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9
Q

Peripherin is a structural component of?

A

Neurons

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10
Q

Neurofilaments (L, M. H molecular weight) are structural components of?

A

Axons within neurons

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11
Q

Nuclear lamins (A, B, C) are structural components of?

A

Nuclear envelope and DNA within

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12
Q

Mention 7 Intermediate filament structures

A
Vimentin
Desmin
Cytokeratin
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
Peripherin
Neurofilaments (L, M, H molecular weight)
Nuclear lamins (A, B, C)
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13
Q

Nuclear lamin mutation disorders:

A

Progeria

Muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

Staining Vimentin can indicate which cancer(s)?

A
  • Sarcomas

- Some carcinomas

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15
Q

Stain of Desmin can identify which cancer?

A

Myosarcoma (Rhabdomyosarcoma or leiomyosarcoma)

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16
Q

Stain of Cytokeratin can identify which cancer?

A

Carcinoma (cancer of epithelial cells)

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17
Q

Stain of GFAP can identify which cancer?

A

Astrocytomas, Glioblastoma

18
Q

Stain of Neurofilaments can identify which cancers?

A

Neuroblastomas (Childhood cancer that arises from sympathetic ganglion of the adrenal medulla).
Primitive neuroectodermal tumours

19
Q

Microtubules consists of?

A

Alpha- & beta-tubulin making up heterodimers put together in a cylindrical structure in a helical fashion.

20
Q

Microtubules are incorporated into which structures?

A

-Flagella and cilia
-Mitotic spindles
(Grows slowly and collapses quickly)

21
Q

Drugs that block microtubule polymerization

A

Vinca alkaloids (cancer drugs):

  • Vincristine
  • Vinblastine
22
Q

Drugs that hyperstabilize microtubules (so they can’t break down and separate chromosomes during mitosis)

A

Taxanes (cancer drugs):

  • Paclitaxel
  • Docetaxel
23
Q

Drugs that act on microtubules (antihelminthics)

A

Benzimidazoles

  • Mebendazole
  • Albendazole
  • Thiabendazole
24
Q

Drugs that act on microtubules (Antifungal)

A

Griseofulvin

25
Q

Drugs that act on microtubules (anti-gout, anti-inflammatory)

A

Colchicine (prevent phagocyte movement)

26
Q

Name two molecular motor proteins that are involved in axonal transport

A

Dynein and Kinesin

27
Q

Kinesin and Dyenein moves from to on the microtubule?

A

Kinesin: - –> + (Anterograde)
Dynein: + –> - (Retrograde)

28
Q

Cilium structure?

A

9+2 Microtubule doublet arrangement and 9 Dynein arms

29
Q

Where does one find cilia?

A
Respiratory tract:
-Trachea
-Bronchioles
Paranasal sinuses
Fallopian tubes
30
Q

How is coordinated ciliary movement coordinated between ciliated cells?

A

Through Gap junctions

31
Q

What is the cause of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?

A

Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect

32
Q

Symptoms of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?

A
  • Infertility
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • 50% has situs inversus
33
Q

Triad of Kartagener syndrome?

A
  • Situs inversus
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Chronic sinusitis
34
Q

Soluble things in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Water
  • Electrolytes (Na+,P, Mg2+, Ca2+)
  • Enzymes (e.g. protein kinase A)
  • tRNA & amino acids)
  • Sugars
  • Phosphates
  • Vitamins
  • Cellular waste
35
Q

Insoluble things in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Glycogen (Liver and muscle cells)
  • Lipid droplets (adipocytes, hepatocytes undergoing fatty change)
  • Pigment (e.g. hemosiderin (iron))
36
Q

Pathologic inclusions in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Cytomegalovirus (owl’s eye inclusions)
  • Rabies virus (Negri bodies)
  • Herpes virus (Cowdry (type A inclusions) bodies)
37
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases?

A
-Alzheimer disease (Neurofibrillary tangles from Tau proteins)
Parkinson disease (Lewy bodies)
38
Q

Lysosomal storage disorders?

A
  • Gaucher
  • Niemann-Pick
  • Tay-Sachs
39
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses types?

A
  • Hurler

- Hunter

40
Q

Incluson (I) cell disease?

A

Lysosomal enzymes does not get the Mannose-6-Phosphate address tag which they need to get to the lysosome (because of deficiency in phosphotransferase). Result: Lysosome fills up with undigested junk

41
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

Immunodeficiency syndrome. Lysosomes in phagocytes are defective.
Mutation in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST). Results in recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism and peripheral neuropathy