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DIT > 1B Foundations 2 - Teratogenesis > Flashcards

1B Foundations 2 - Teratogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What embryonic structure (derived from the hypoblast) serves as a secondary energy source?

A

Endodermal yolk sac

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2
Q

What embryonic structure serves as a reservoir of nonspecialized (undifferentiated) stem cells?

A

Endodermal yolk sac

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3
Q

What are the three germ layers that derive from the epiblast?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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4
Q

Fetal development weeks 3-8. Embryonic period.

A

Organogenesis
Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week four
Extremely susceptible to teratogens

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5
Q

Fetal development within week 1

A

hCG secretion begins after implantation of blastocyst

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6
Q

Fetal development within week 2

A 
Bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast)
2 weeks = 2 layers
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7
Q

Fetal development week 4

A

Heart begins to beat. 4 chambers.
Upper and lower limb buds begin to form
4 week = 4 limbs

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8
Q

Fetal development within week 3

A

Trilaminar disc
3 weeks = 3 layers
Gastrulation
Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organisation, and neural plate begin to form

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9
Q

Fetal development day 0

A

Fertilization by sperm forming zygote, initiating embryogenesis

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10
Q

Fetal development week 8 (Start of fetal period (movement begins))

A

Fetal movement, fetus looks like a baby

Eight rhymes with gait

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11
Q

Fetal development week 10

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics.

TEN rhymes with PENis

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12
Q

ACE inhibitors causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Renal

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13
Q

Aminoglycosides causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

CN VIII toxicity (Ototoxicity)

“A MEAN GUY hit the baby in the ear”

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14
Q

Fluoroquinolones causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Cartilage damage (Animal studies)

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15
Q

Tetracylines causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Discolored teeth

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16
Q

Cyclophosphamide causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digits

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17
Q

Methotrexate causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Neural tube defects (interferes with folate metabolism), abortion (abortifacient)
Category X drug

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18
Q

Carbamazepine causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome. Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction)

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19
Q

Valproic acid causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Inhibition of maternal folate absorption –> neural tube defects

20
Q

Phenytoin causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, mental retardation

21
Q

Lithium causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Ebstein’s anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

22
Q

Statins causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

CNS and limb abnormalities
(Interferes with cholesterol metabolism)
Category X drug

23
Q

Warfarin causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Facial/limb/CNS anomalies, spontaneous abortion, bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, opthalmological abnormalities.

“Not WARFARe on baby. HEPpy baby”
Category X drug

24
Q

Isotretinoin causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Spontaneous abortions

Category X drug

25
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) causes which teratogenic malformations?

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital Mullerian anomalies
Category X drug

26
Q

Thalidomide causes which teratogenic malformations?

A 
Limb defects (Phocomelia)("flipper" limbs)
Category X drug
27
Q

Non-medicinal-drug causes whith teratogenic potential?

A 
Ionizing radiation
Excessive vitamin A
Maternal diabetes
Iodine deficiency
Cocaine, tobacco
28
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome features

A 
Smooth philtrum
Thin upper lip
Small palpebral fissures
Wide set eyes
(Also cleft lip/palate)

Developmental delay
Intellectual disability

Nr one cause for intellectual disability in USA

Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly

29
Q

Synpolydactyly Definition?

A

Extra fused digits (i.e. between 3rd and 4th fingers)

30
Q

Homeobox (HOX) Genes. What do they do?

A

Blueprint for skeletal morphology

Code for transcription regulators

31
Q

Mutation in HOXD-13?

A

Synpolydactyly (between 3rd and 4th fingers)

32
Q

What can alter HOX gene expression?

A

Retinoic acid

33
Q

HOX mutations (in general)

A

Appendages in wrong locations

34
Q

Where are Sonic hedgehog genes produced?

A

Base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity

35
Q

What are Sonic hedgehog genes involved in?

A

Patterning along anterior-posterior axis.

Involved in CNS development.

36
Q

Mutation in Sonic hedgehog genes causes?

A

Holoprosencephaly

37
Q

Where is the Wnt-7 gene produced?

A

Apical ectoderm ridge

38
Q

What is the Wnt-7 gene involved in?

A

Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis. (So that feet and nose point in the same direction)

39
Q

Where is the FGF gene produced?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

40
Q

What is the FGF gene involved in?

A

Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

41
Q

Mutation in FGF gene causes?

A

Short limbs

42
Q

Which antibiotics are potentially teratogenic?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones

43
Q

Pregnancy category X drugs?

A 
Methotraxate
Statins
Warfarin
Isotretinoin
Diethylstilbestrol
Thalidomide
44
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defects?

A

Folate deficiency

Also: Most common vitamin deficiency in the US

45
Q

Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US?

A

Alcohol use in pregnancy

46
Q

Most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in theUS?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

DIT (11 decks)

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