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Neuroanatomy > 1D - Development(3) > Flashcards

1D - Development(3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blastula of most animals?

A

Hollow sphere

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2
Q

In birds/reptiles/amphibians, what is the blastula replaced by?

A

Thin blastodisk, sits on top of blastocele

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3
Q

What is below blastocele?

A

Non-cellular yolk

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4
Q

What is behind blastodisk?

A

Yolk

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5
Q

What is underneath blastodisk?

A

Blastocele

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6
Q

What is the space (middle) of primitive streak called?

A

Primitive groove (middle)

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7
Q

Who was the first person to study plankton and coin the term primitive node?

A

Victor Hensen

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8
Q

What is the single-layer tissue that forms blastodisk?

A

Epiblast

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9
Q

Does tissue in blastodisk move medially toward primitive streak?

A

Yes, when it gets to primitive streak, it rolls inward and swings laterally

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10
Q

T/F: Cells involute from epiblast and roll inside

A

True

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11
Q

When tissue rolls inside, what does it form?

A

Can form endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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12
Q

Frogs and Humans: Side of involution

A
  • Humans have elongated locus of involution (primitive streak).
  • Frog site of involution is blastopore
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13
Q

What is the central portion of primitive streak where tissue involutes to form endoderm and mesoderm?

A

Primitive groove

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14
Q

What is the node at anterior (rostral) end of primitive streak?

A

Hensen’s node (specialized region of primitive streak)

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15
Q

Hensen’s node in humans is homologous to what structure?

A

Dorsal lip of blastopore in frogs

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16
Q

In frogs, the very 1st tissue to involute happens at dorsal lip of blastopore, which ends up forming mesoderm of notochord.

A

Analogous at Hensen’s node. Tissue rolls in, involute tissue moves forward towards the front end of the animal and forms the head process which gives rise to the notochord.

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17
Q

What happens when tissue involutes at Hensen’s node?

A

Gives rise to notochord

18
Q

What is the gastrula?

A

3 layer with gut

19
Q

What process marks the beginnings of the neural tube formation?

A

Neurulation

20
Q

What is gastrocele lined by?

A

Endoderm

21
Q

How does the notochord run?

A

Dorsal

22
Q

What is the precursor to CNS?

A

ectoderm thickens, forming neural tube

23
Q

Where does the thickening of the ectoderm happen?

A

Above notochord

24
Q

What is the precursor to CNS/neural tube?

A

ectoderm thickens, forming neural tube

25
Q

Dorsal to notochord, neural plate has 2 pronounced folds with deep groove. What happens during the fold stage:

A
  • As the folds come into contact with each other, they form neural crest and neural canal
  • as 2 neural folds together, neural groove is trapped inside, cut off completely
26
Q

What 2 fusions occur?

A

1) thin surface ectoderm fuses together

2) edges of neural tube itself fuse together

27
Q

Differentiation of neural plate

A
  • Neural plate differentiates into thinner region of neural groove in middle; thicker regions containing neural folds on either side
  • Neural folds get higher
  • Neural groove gets deeper
28
Q

Process of neurulation

A
  1. thickening of ectoderm
  2. neural folds higher, groove deepr
  3. As the folds come into contact with each other, they form neural crest and neural canal
  4. Invagination
29
Q

Invagination gives what?

A

hollow tube, which is made from tissue that starts off as ectoderm

30
Q

Why does it occur dorsally?

A
  • Notochord, which secretes chemical messengers to bring about invagination
  • Notochord forms first
  • Chemical messengers cause ectoderm to thicken to form neural plate
  • Cause ectoderm to fold up (invaginate) to seal off and form hollow tube
31
Q

Early stage of gastrula

A
  • primitive streak forms, retreats gradually back, laying notochord behind it
  • notochord induces neural plate and invagination of neural tube
  • Rostral –> neural folds and groove invaginate to form tube
32
Q

Late stage of gastrula

A
  • fusion process complete
  • thin surface ectoderm fused together –> continuous alongside back of animal
  • thick tissue of neural tube fuse together to give complete tubular structure
33
Q

How does development occur?

A

Front to back

34
Q

Where does neural tube first form?

A

neck region

35
Q

Anterior Neuropore

A

Process of fusion of neural folds where it gives an opening inside of neural tube to outside, running at the front tip of embryo

36
Q

Posterior Neuropore

A

back edges of neural folds close

37
Q

Chick embryo is similar in humans (1)

A
  • remanants of blastodisk floating on tip of yolk

- Ectoderm thickens to form neural plate

38
Q

(2)

A

Neural folds are more prominent

Neural grooves deeper

39
Q

(3)

A
  • Edges of neural folds come together
  • Space inside neural groove is cut off
  • Invagination (surrounded by complete, thick ectoderm)
40
Q

Neural crest

A
  • as process of invagination occurs, a bit of tissue is pinched off, does not form neural tube/surface ectoderm
  • this tissue gets pinched off between ectoderm and neural tube
41
Q

Neural crest

A
  • as process of invagination occurs, a bit of tissue is pinched off, does not form neural tube/surface ectoderm
  • this tissue gets pinched off between ectoderm and neural tube
  • gives rise to PNS
42
Q

Dorsal/lateral to notochord

A

Mesoderm thickens to form somite

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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