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Neuroanatomy > 1B - Development(1) > Flashcards

1B - Development(1) Flashcards

1
Q

Animals are described by?

A

-3 different axes

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2
Q

Axis 1: Rostral-Caudal

A

-Runs from front (head) of animal towards back (tail)

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3
Q

Axis 1 (another): Anterior-Posterior

A
  • Anterior (direction animal moves while walking)
  • Posterior (direction animal is moving AWAY from)
  • Cat: Moves head forward (anterior) and moves away from the tail (posterior)
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4
Q

Axis 2: Lateral-Medial

A
  • Starting from middle of animal’s body to outer parts of animals body
  • Medial (towards midline)
  • Lateral (away from midline)
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5
Q

Axis 3: Proximal-Distal

A
  • Proximal (limb that is close to animal’s body)

- Distal (limb that is away from animal’s body

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6
Q

Humans are bi-pedal because we walk on our legs. What does this mean?

A

Humans move in the direction of the (anterior) ventral surface of the body

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7
Q

Animals, what are the directional terms?

A
  • Front: Anterior or Rostral

- Back: Posterior or Caudal

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8
Q

Humans, what are the directional terms?

A
  • Front: Anterior or Ventral

- Back: Posterior or Dorsal

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9
Q

There are 3 planes, name them

A

Sagittal, Frontal/Transverse, and Horizontal

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane

A
  • Passes middle of animal’s body

- Divides left/right side

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11
Q

Mid-Sagittal

A

-Directly sliced on midline

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12
Q

Para-sagittal

A

-Parallel to sagittal plane

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13
Q

Frontal/Transverse

A

-Divides into front/back halves

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14
Q

Horizontal

A

-slide through dorsal and ventral

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15
Q

Vertebrates belong to what phylum?

A

Chordata

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16
Q

What non-veterbrate member is part of phylum?

A

Amphioxus (it is a chordate, but not a veterbrate)

17
Q

How is amphioxus different than humans?

A

Does not have backbone (veterbrae)

18
Q

Differences of Amphioxus to Veterbrates

A

1). No paired fins.
All veterbrates have paired fins. Amphioxus has small dorsal fin but no paired fins
2). Does not have jaw.
Almost all verterbrates have jaws which open/close and chew food.

19
Q

Similarities of Amphioxus to Veterbrates

A

1) . Gill slits
- This is basic characteristic of all chordates. Most veterbrates have 5-6 gill slit.

2) . Stiffening Rod
- Run’s on back

3) . Notochord
- Gives chordates their name.

20
Q

Where do gill slits develop?

A

Pharyngeal region

21
Q

A basic characteristic of veterbrates, like humans, is to have gill slits. Do humans have gill slits?

A

Gill slits are present in the human embryo, but do not completely develop. Human external ear are remants of primordial gill slits

22
Q

Where do cranial nerves form?

A

In correlation to radial branchial bars that lie in between gill slits

23
Q

Notochord in Amphioxus?

A

Persists

24
Q

Notochord in most veterbrates?

A

Squeezed out of existence by development of vertebral column.

25
Q

Notochord in humans?

A

Had lengthy notochord in embryo, but got replaced by vertebral column

26
Q

What is medially above (dorsal to) the notochord?

A
  • Neural tube (enlarges from back to front to form brain)

- lies mid-medial plane

27
Q

What is the CNS (notochord) of amphioxus?

A

dorsal hollow tube

28
Q

Why is there a dark spot in the hollow cavity (lumen of tube)?

A

Fluid congeals when animal dies, so stain is dark in section

29
Q

What lies in between individual verterbrae?

A

Inter-veterbral discs

30
Q

Function of Interverterbral foramina

A

Nerves run from spinal cord to the body

31
Q

Problems with interveterbral discs?

A

Intervertebral discs can slip and bulge out into Interverterbral foramina, which compress spinal nerve

32
Q

What is left of the notochord?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

33
Q

What surrounds outer part of Nucleus Pulposus?

A

Annulus Fibrosus

  • Annulus (ring)
  • Fibrosus (dense, tough connective tissue_
34
Q

Nucleus Pulposus problems?

A

Tends to erupt and herniate out if annulus fibrosus is damaged

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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