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Neuroanatomy > 1C - Development(2) > Flashcards

1C - Development(2) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structure of chordate NS

A

hollow tube dorsal to notochord

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2
Q

True or False: The nerve cord is dorsal in chordates

A

True

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3
Q

In inveterbrates, where is the neural cord?

A

Ventral, and its solid

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4
Q

Differences in nerve cord; vertebrates and invertebrates

A
  • Vertebrates: Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

- Invertebrates: Ventral, solid nerve cord

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5
Q

Myelin, who has it?

A

Vertebrates only

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6
Q

What happens when you rotate annelids (earthworms)? Earthworms are invertebrates

A

Nerve cord is ventral, but if you rotate 180 degrees, then the nerve cord is dorsal (just like chordates)

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7
Q

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire proposed Inversion Theory. What is it?

A
  • Common ancestry of invertebrates flipped itself around.
  • Converted dorsal surface into ventral surface
  • Swim on its back, nerve cord changed from being ventral in location to dorsal in location
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8
Q

What evidence proved the Inversion Theory?

A

Homebox genes

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9
Q

What are Homebox genes?

A

Series of genes expressed primarily in embryo

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10
Q

Features of homebox genes?

A

1) . Front to back order
2) . Expressed heavily in neural tissue precursors
3) . Expressed in adjacent tissue –> like vertebral column

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11
Q

What do hindbrain zones correspond to?

A
  • Reflect basic segmentation pattern of vertebrae brain

- Anatomical markers

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12
Q

Where are homebox genes expressed?

A

Dorsal in embryo

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13
Q

Fruitfly vs Mouse homebox genes

A

-Mouse:
Homebox genes expressed dorsally

-Fruitfly:
Homebox genes expressed ventrally

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue present in all chordates?

A

1) . Ectoderm (outside)
2) . Mesoderm (inside)
3) .Endoderm (middle)

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15
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to?

A

outer most layer of skin, epidermis, glands

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16
Q

What does endoderm give rise to?

A

lining of gut, liver, pancreas

17
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to?

A

bones, musculature

18
Q

What layer of skin gives rise to CNS/PNS (Nervous system) ?

A

Ectoderm

19
Q

What is the blastula?

A

-Hollow ball of cells

20
Q

3 properties of blastula

A
  • Has empty cavity inside it
  • Cells form a single layer
  • Cells undifferentiated
21
Q

What is the process that converts blastula to gastrula? (converts a single layer blastula to a 3-cell layer)?

A

Gastrulation

22
Q

What has not formed in early stage of blastula?

A

Primordium of gut

23
Q

Does gastrulation occur the same way in all animals? why or why not?

A

No, because shape of gastrula is different

24
Q

Blastula of amphioxus

A
  • Hollow inside
  • Cavity inside blastula is called blastocele
  • Simple
  • Single-cell layer
  • Dorsally (no yolk)
  • Ventrally (yes yolk)
25
Q

Blastula of frog/amphibian

A
  • Couple cells thick
  • 2 layers are differentiated so basically 1 layer
  • More yolk ventrally
26
Q

Blastula of reptile/bird

A
  • Large amount of yolk
  • Does not divide
  • Below blastocele in cellular disk
27
Q

What is the cavity inside of the gastrula that is the precursor to the gut?

A

Gastrocele

28
Q

In chordates, what does the blastopore become?

A

Anus, while mouth forms secondarily

29
Q

In invertebrates, what does the blastopore become?

A

Mouth, while anus forms secondarily

30
Q

Gastrulation in amphioxus

A
  • short cube cells outside
  • large columnar cells inside
  • Outermost layer –> ectoderm
  • Innermost layer –> endoderm and mesoderm
31
Q

Does the blastopore open into the gastrocele?

A

Yes

32
Q

Gastrulation in frog

A

-Yolk stops cells from moving, cannot change shape

33
Q

Does in-rolling occur dorsally first, then involuation laterally?

A

Yes

34
Q

-Dorsal lip of blastopore:

A
  • dorsally located
  • first point at which rolling occurs
  • Cells from outside of embryo start at this point and move inward
  • 1st tissue that involvues to give rise to notochord
35
Q

What derives notochord?

A

Mesoderm

36
Q

Fate map

A
  • Tissue that rolls in at different times/places gives rise to different structures in embryo
  • Fate Map maps different locations on outside where cells end up after gastrulation occurs (what adult structures will form)
37
Q

T/F: There is 1 opening into gastrocele, which is the blastopore, and forms the anus first and mouth secondarily

A

True

38
Q

Does endoderm line gastrocele?

A

Yes

39
Q

T/F: Humans evolve from animals that have a lot of yolk

A

True

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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