1B. Rowlatt Acts and Amritsar Massacre Flashcards
When was the Montagu Declaration given?
20 August 1917
Why did Montagu give the Montagu Declaration in August 1917?
- He was a passionate Liberal who was convinced that a straightforward settlement of British policy towards India was necessary
- He was influenced by the demands for Home Rule created by the two Home Rule Leagues, which hundreds of thousands of Indians had taken part in
Why was the 1915 Defence of India Act enforced?
Defence of India Act intended to stop anti-war / revolutionary activity in India during WW1:
This included (but was not limited to)
- Ban on protest
- Imprisonment without trial
- Trial by judges without a jury
- Censorship
- House arrest of suspects
What was the reasoning behind the Rowlatt Act?
- 1917 - Government of India afraid that economic and political turbulence would create a dangerous situation for the Raj → appointed Scottish judge S.T. Rowlatt to head a comission to investigate revolutionary activity
- July 1918 - Rowlatt Commission isolated Bengal, Bombay and the Punjab as centres of revolutionary activity, recommended that old wartime controls should be continued to control the situation.
What was the reaction to the Rowlatt Act?
- Every single one of the 22 Indian members of the Indian legislative council opposed the measure, though they were outvoted by the appointed officials
- Jinnah and several of his colleagues resigned from the council
- Jinnah wrote a furious letter to Chelmsford accusing him of neither being responsible to the people nor in touch with Indian public opinion.
When did the Rowlatt Act become law? When was it repealed?
The Rowlatt Act became law in March 1919, and was repealed in 1922
When were anti-Rowlatt Act hartals organised?
30 March and 6th April 1919
How did the 1919 Hartals spiral into violence?
- The arrest of the two organisers, Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal, triggered rioting which escalated into an anti-Raj protest.
- Banks were stormed, buildings torched and three Europeans killed
Who suffered from the violence of the 1919 Hartals → protest?
- Marcia Sherwood was brutally beaten, but saved from certain death by Hindus who found and treated her
- By 11th April, over 100 European women had taken refuge in Gobindargh Fort to seek refuge
How many forces did Brigadier-General Rex Dyer lead into Amritsar on 12th April?
How many were British?
1,000 troops, 1/3 were British
How did Indians react to Dyer’s show of force on the 12th April 1919?
They were met with jeering crowds which, linked with news of similar rioting in Lahore and Kasur, convinced Dyer that a coordinated uprising was underway.
Why was 13th April an unfortunate day for the Amritsar massacre?
- Baisakhi Day - thousands of pilgrims had entered Amritsar to worship at the Golden Temple, thousands more for the associated festivities
- Hundreds of people and their families had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, a large walled park with only four exits. They intended to stay there for the duration of the festival. Arrangements were also made for a political meeting in part of the bagh to voice opinions on the Rowlatt Act.
What did Dyer do on 13th April before the massacre?
How did the people respond?
- Dyer ordered proclamations to be read across the city, warning against the holding of ‘meetings and assemblies’ and establishing a curfew.
- Between 10,000-20,000 people ignored the curfew and gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh
- The political meeting began by passing two resolutions, one calling the repeal of the Rowlatt Act and the other expressing sympathy for the dead of the previous riots
How did Dyer create the Amritsar Massacre?
Without a word of warning, Dyer ordered a posse of infantrymen into the narrow entrance into the Jallianwala Bagh.
- They fired 1,650 rounds of live ammunition into the crowd in 10-15 minutes
- 400 people were killed and 1,500 wounded
What did Dyer do after the Amritsar Massacre?
Dyer established martial law in Amritsar, however this was augmented specifically to humiliate Indians living there:
- Any Indian who passed a European had to salaam
- Public floggings were commonly carried out, with little regard for the guilt or innocence of the victim
- Crawling Order - any Indian passing along the street on which Marcia Sherwood was beaten had to crawl along it on all fours, in the muck - inflammatory for Hindus, living in a strucutural caste system based on purity.
