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OCR A level Geog p2-Human rights > //1.b. Patterns of human rights violations are influenced by a range of factors > Flashcards

//1.b. Patterns of human rights violations are influenced by a range of factors Flashcards

1
Q

What three things in the UDHR state that everyone has the right to, in Article 3

A

‘life, liberty and security’

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2
Q

What three things show spatial patterns of human rights violation

A

forced labour, maternal mortality and capital punishment

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3
Q

What are some different types of forced labour

A
  • domestic workers who are exploited as unpaid/abused
  • sex slaves
  • illegal labours
  • sweat shops
  • child labour
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4
Q

Victims of forced labour

A
  • globally-21 million people are victims
  • almost 19 million victims exploited by private individuals or enterprises
  • migrant workers and idigenous people
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5
Q

Distribution of forced labour

A
  • Southeast Asia has the highest level-11.7 million (2012)

- victims per 1000 inhibitants is highest in Asia and Africa, and lowest in developed economies and EU

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6
Q

Distribution of modern slavery

A
  • highest percentage in areas of Africa and Asia-e.g. India
  • highest in Mauritania where 4% are enslaved
  • lowest in areas such as Australia, Indonesia, Brazil and UK
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7
Q

Economic factors that influence global variations of forced labour

A
  • low wages
  • poverty
  • lack of economic opportunities and unemployment
  • migration and seeking work
  • subsistence farming
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8
Q

Political factors that influence global variations of forced labour

A
  • political instability
  • corruption
  • conflict
  • high levels of discrimination, prejudice
  • state sponsorship of modern slavery
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9
Q

Social factors that influence global variations of forced labour

A
  • gender inequality
  • indigenous people
  • age, especially children
  • entire families enslaved through bonded labour e.g. constuction, agriculture, garment factories in India
  • women and children trafficking
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10
Q

Enviornmental factors that influence global variations of forced labour

A
  • hazardous working conditions in open mines

- escaping climate related disasters, including food and water shortages

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11
Q

Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-where were the victims from and how were they chosen

A
  • from Poland

- ex-prisoners, alcoholics and the homeless

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12
Q

Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what kinds of work were they doing

A
  • recycling centres
  • on farms
  • redecorating houses
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13
Q

Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what were their living conditions like

A
  • “horrible”
  • no working toilets, heating or furniture
  • fed out of date food
  • refused medical care
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14
Q

Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what happened to victims who spoke out

A

-humiliated, threatened and beaten

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15
Q

Forced labour/modern day salvery in UK 2019-what methods did the traffickers use to ‘trap’ their victims

A
  • convince them that they would pay good money

- they would be arrested if they left

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16
Q

What is maternal mortality

A
  • the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
  • from any cause related to aggravated by the pregnancy or its managmenet
17
Q

What is MMR

A

-the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its managment

18
Q

How many women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth

A

830

19
Q

Distirbution of Maternal mortality rates

A
  • globally in 2013, 289,000 women died during childbirth and following pregnancy and childbirth
  • most of these deaths occurred in developing countires e.g. Sierra Leone and Chad
  • lowest in areas such as Australia, USA, Canada and Australisa
20
Q

Factors that influebce global variations of MMR

A
  • poverty
  • level of government investment
  • availaibility of information and education
  • access to treatments for pregnancy and birth complications, especially emergency care
21
Q

Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-facts/statistics

A
  • Nigeria is part of a group that make up more than 50% of MMR
  • MMR in 2013-560 per 100,000 live births
  • 145 women lost everyday due to maternal mortality
  • 2010-64.4% in extreme poverty
22
Q

Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-reasons for high MMR

A
  • lack of access to healthcare, rampant poverty, substandard health care and the prevalance of child marriage
  • cannot afford healthcare
  • women’s bodies not ready for childbirth
23
Q

Case study-Maternal Mortality in Nigeria-what can be done to reduce MMR

A
  • access to healthcare more widespread
  • improve quality of healthcare available
  • reduce the number of child marriages
  • de-stigmatize contraceptive use
24
Q

What is capital punishment and some factssss

A
  • this is the practice of executing someone as punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial
  • usually used for murder, but can be used for rape, fraud, capital crimes
  • goes against human right ‘right to life’
  • UN general assembly has called for an end to death penalty
25
Q

Key statistics about caputal punishment

A
  • according to Amnesty International, in 2014 there were at least 607 executions globally and 2,466 people were sentenced to death in 55 countries
  • 89% of all executions in 2015 took place in 3 countries
  • end of 2015- 102 countries abolished death penalty
26
Q

Distribution of spatial patterns of capital punishment

A
  • capital punishment mainly used in USA, China and parts of Africa
  • it has been abolished in countries such as Australia, Canada and the UK
  • for exceptional crimes, the main countries include Russia, Brazil and Greenland
27
Q

Factors that influence global variations of capital punishment

A
  • differences in types off crime for which it is imposed
  • an increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished
  • reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism
  • the incidence of its legality under national law

OCR A level Geog p2-Human rights (7 decks)

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