1b Flashcards
main 3 innate
reflexes
taxes +kinesis
fixed action patterns
dog reflex 2 types
a) Dog’s flexion reflex
b) Dog’s Scratch Reflex
flexion reflex
Reflex caused by reflex arc with 2 neurones
o Stimulus – receptor – sensory neuron – interneuron – motor neuron - effector
The extent and persistence of the dogs flexion reflex is observed after dog pricked with pin
3 stimulus sizes
Latency of flexion reflex decreases while after-discharge effect increases in response to prick
MORE INTENSE THE STIMULUS TEH QUICKER THE RESPONSE
scratch reflex, what 2 things?
two sites A and B on shoulder that were stimulated with artificial flea, and leg movements/scratching recorded using trace
Weak site A and weak site B no response, but when both together, the spatial summation facilitated a response whether the scratch increased in intensity
a) Spatial summation
b) facilitation
what about scratch and flexion together and what is this showing? what 2 things occur
When 2 stimuli together on dog, they are reciprocally inhibiting each other
Even at the reflex level, behaviour is not a simple, push-button stimulus-response affair
With two stimuli there is a
a) reciprocal inhibition
b) post-inhibitory rebound, eg. pin prick means less likely to scratch
what does search orientation and resource seeking (mates/food etc) depend on? (4)
- External factors
- Internal factors
- sensory ability of animal
- external stimuli
external factors (3)
Resource distribution abundance
search risk
Internal factors(4)
Physiological
hormones
internal clocks
genotype
external stimuli (5)
visual
auditory (vibration)
tactile
olfactory (distant and close), taste (contact chemoreception)
Sensory ability of animal (perception of info) 2 enviro 3 examples
Directional info from
BIOTIC enviro- odours
ABIOTIC enviro -celestial/sun cues)
if uniform distribution in habitat get what?
Local search – within home range
if uneven / no distrubtion of resources get - (2)
migration
ranging
what is ranging
movement out of home range to ‘seek’ new habitat
what is also imprtant wrt resource distribution and abundancy
temporal distribution
Tripholeum sppp have dif flowering times
what do the orientation mechanisms kinesis and taxis depend on
stimulus characteristics
sensory capabilities of the animal
kinesis define , 3 examples and defining feature
associated with non-directional stimuli.
Eg. relative humidity, light intensity, ambient temperature
Kinesis are idiothetic, or self-steered, any directional changes are random
orthokineses
Orthokinesis: SPEED of movement proportional to stimulus intensity
Klinokinesis
Klinokinesis: FREQUENCY or rate of turning is proportional to the stimulus intensity
Klinokinesis example detail
In parasitic wasp; Nemeritis canescens is attracted to largbae by sense of smell, so she goes to larvae and lays egg. The rate of turning of wasp to find flour moth Plodia larvae is determined by strength of host caterpillar odour
klinokinesis wasp name
Nemeritis canescens
kinesis types (2)
orthokinesis
klinokinesis
taxes types (5)
AMENOTAXIS KLINOTAXIS - photoklinotaxis MENOTAXIS TROPOTAXIS-chemotropotaxis TELOTAXIS -Phototelotaxis
taxes
example
defining feature
pos /neg
Taxes: associated with directional and precise stimuli.
• Eg. light source
• Taxes are allothetic, as direction is determined by the stimulus
• Positive – towards the source (attraction)
• Negative – away from source (repulsion)
Klinotaxis
animal cant determine the direction of the stimulus directly but samples the enviro sequentially responding with a fixed turn to the stimulus. Only one sense organ needed
klinotaxis example
o Photoklinotaxis: achieved by blowfly maggot which gets equal illumination on both sides as it wigwags away from light
Tropotaxis
bilateral sense organse sample the enviro continuously and response is directed by the balance input to both sensors
Telotaxis – and example detail
eg. dorsal light reaction where movement is at 90 degrees to a light source
o Phototelotaxis: diving beetle swims with sun at 90deg so sun above determines orientation. If u were to put a light source below a beetle it would swim upside down
Menotaxis
where movement is at an angle to source
eg. honeybees fly out nest at an angle X but when return to nest, fly in at 180-X degrees
Anemotaxis:
orientation upwind to host location
Insects use olfactory stimuli to locate an odour source/host location by anemotaxis (orientation upwind)
anemotaxis detail
o Insects flying to odour source can orient to the wind using mechanical stimuli when on ground short flights separated by odour-induced reorientation
Eg. Delia radicum the cabbage root fly
Orientation to odour – a small insect on the ground orients into wind using mechanoreceptors when stimulated by odor from host bplant. It takes off and flies short distance before landing
If it continues to perceive odor, it reorients and takes off again
It progresses upwind in a series of short flights separated by odour-induced reorientation
If it loses the odor, it does not reorient, but flies off in any direction
anemotaxis example species
. Delia radicum the cabbage root fly
During sustained flight, response to odours requires ?
Optomotor response: a compensatory mechanism for correcting image movement
Uses image flow over the retina ie. By observing objects on ground
optomoter example and casting behaviour
Gypsy moth has long distance flight and cant use mechanoreceptor to smell because they only work on ground, so it uses casting (and subsequent surging) behaviour towards a mate
Casting is 90degree cross-wind flight, occurs when odour is lost due to strong gust of wind, so exists to bring moth back into contact with pheromone plume
Surging – where odour source located and moth flies straight towards
Male moths use surge and casting behaviour and optomotor-mediated amenotaxis to locate females
casting
90degree cross-wind flight, occurs when odour is lost due to strong gust of wind, so exists to bring moth back into contact with pheromone plume
surging
where odour source located and moth flies straight towards
Internal factors affecting resource-seeking
- Physiology, hormones, internal clocks
- Genotype variation
(Behaviour may have strong genetic component, but enviro-mediated changes show it can be plastic) - Deprivation/motivation varies
physiology example
Circadian rhythms affects timing of resource (food seeking) in Drosophila
Circadian rhythms affects timing of resource (food seeking) in Drosophila: DETAIL
Adult food consumption measured using a food dye in the cornmeal/yeast/agar medium
After feeding at each time period, 30 flies homogenized and blue signal in supernatant measured in spectrophotometer
Flies eat a large brunch exhibiting fairly robust rhythms that peak in the morning. The rhythms persist in flies under constant darkness condns, confirming that an endogenous clock drives them
rover and drover?
Larvae of dros feed in one of 2 ways
o Rovers – wander around in search for food
o Sitters – tend to remain in one small area to feed
in absence of food
rovers and sitters don’t differ in general activity
in food presence
rovers search more widely when feeding
genetic basis
Difference in foraging strategy caused by difference in the foraging for gene which codes for cGMP-dependent PKG (cyclic guanosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase)
flies with rover allele show what
higher PKG activity than homozygous sitter forS allele
When the for allele is inserted into the genome of sitter larvae, they become rovers
what frequency dependence is r and s example of
Negative frequency dependence: when food is scarce, competition is most intense between individuals of the same morph: sitters compete most with sitters within local food patches, while rovers compete most with other rovers over the discovery of new patches, so the rarer type has an advantage
o In a popn of rovers, a sitter does particularly well and vv
o Therefore this maintains behavioural polymorphism
o Bimodality suggests natural selection is acting
what can external factors do wrt Rovers and SItters?
phenotypic plasticity (due to external factors) can occur. Food deprivation makes rover genotype behave as sitters ie. Foraging behaviour is plastic thus G x E interaction
wider genotype example
MC1R mate choice and camouflage
what is MC1R ?
MC1R melanocortin-1 receptor encodes a receptor that is expressed in melanocytes, and this receptor regulates the amount and type of melanin synthesis
Point mutations in this gene associated with clour variation in fish, reptiles birds and mammals, so this gene has been conserved
MC1R and snow geese?
Lesser snow geese Anser chen caerulescens have 2 colour morphs, white and blue
o Homozygous individuals for one variant allele at MC1R are white, but heterozyg/homozygous for other variant are blue
o There is no evidence for a selective advantage but there is assortative mating by colour
o Imprinting of goslings only occur with like colours
deprivation/motivation example
Resource mate seeking dependent on deprivation/motivation of female cricket Gryllus integer increases phonotaxis
Females respond to song of male positively – positive phonotaxis
Take females that have been in cage without males, they respond quicker to male song.
Take females from mixed sex stock, find mate slower
cricket species of deprivation example
Gryllus integer
what are fixed action patterns triggered by?
sign stimulus or releaser a specific input that activates a motor program
FAP and sticklebacks?
Tinbergen found that male sticklebacks would attack anything (even models that weren’t sticklebacks) red during mating season, when their own bellies were red
Attacking other male sticklebacks that were competing for nesting territory
FAP shown in three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Aggression is FAP triggered by releaser which is red belly
FAP is more complex than reflex, it is like an instinctive behaviour
Complex motor stimuli are often set off by highly specific stimuli
Are Faos probablistic?
NO
FAPs are probabilistic not deterministic (stereotypic)
(Deterministic is idealistic but not realistic, probabilistic is more realistic)
Courtship FAP behaviour in three-spined stickleback
o She does A, so he does A, she does B etc
o Not EXACT deterministic zigzag stereotypic pattern, its more probabilistic
o FAPs are not invariant but probabilistic
PROBABLISTIC EXAMPLE
Observed sequence in behaviour of a male fish Tilapia mossambica, when female is far >15cm, greater percentage of leading to tilting behaviour, hardly any rolling
When female is close
