12 Second Part Of Communication

Question 1

Communication by modality examples 1/2

Answer 1

Elephants- seem ic vibrations through MEISSNERS CORPUSCLES they stamp feet and respond to alar calls from distant familiar herd 19-40hz and can be heard up to 32km away

Question 2

Communication by modality 2/2

Answer 2

In insects

Picked up mechanoreceptirs in legs

Question 3

Predator prey Evo arms race

And example

Answer 3

Co evolution of adaptations and counter adaptations
Red queen hypothesis that organisms have to continually evolve adapt and proliferate to survive

Or goo example is cryptic forewings
Mixed strat
Look like tree bark
Hind wings are brightly coloured so have STARTLE EFFECT on predator jays

Question 4

How do feel vibrations in elephants

Answer 4

MEISSNERS corpuscles

Question 5

Anti predator visual communication 5

Answer 5

Masquerade - mimic inedible objects

Crypsis- blend into background

Thanatosis- playing dead

Disruptive coloration- confusion effect

Aposematic signals - denotes something unpleasant

Question 6

Masquerade

Answer 6

Inedible objects preying mantis looking like orchid

Question 7

Crypsis

Answer 7

• moth foréwings and cricket counter shadowing for uniform appearance and caterpillar flattening

Question 8

Thanatosis playing dead

Answer 8

Possum

Beetles to house jumper spider – play dead increased survivorship

Question 9

Disruptive coloration

Answer 9

High signal noise ratio for confusion effect

Break up outline of animal for example Papuan frog moth

Zebra? Stripes actually to reduce flies
First paper through eyes of predators and using different visual appearance spatial filters

Lizard push up display is also deterrent signal

Question 10

Aposematic signals example and how 4

Answer 10

Something unpleasant for example
Poison frogs brightly coloured and toxic

Can b signals due to 
Chemicals 
Weapons
Spines 
Stinging organs

Question 11

Signals being density dependent

Answer 11

Desert locusts
Low pop - green cryptic solitary
High pop- gregarious and cannot be cryptic so are black and yellow and incorporate toxic plants and leaves into their diet

Question 12

Evolution of warning coloration

Answer 12

May have evolved through effects in survival I’d same group bright distasteful often same group

Kin selection

But probably not one common pathway

Relies on predator learning and trial and error

Question 13

Why may mimicry have evolved?

Answer 13

Chemical defense evolved first so injury cost is low

Question 14

Mullerian vs Batesian and promotes?

Answer 14

Mullerian - unpalatable mimic poisonous - promotes uniformity

Batesian- palatable promotes distasteful - promotes polymorphisma

Question 15

Mullerian

Answer 15

Rarer morphs evolve to mimic more common ones

Millipedes and heliconius butterflies show colour patterns that are varying geographically and cost fm defence is shared all blue or orange or tiger etc

Question 16

Batesian

Answer 16

African mocker swallowtails
Mutant may suffer predation
Arms race that mimic has won
(Predator should be co evolving to spot the mimic)

Question 17

Trade off

Answer 17

Prey defences and growth and reproduction

Is guppy – bright m guppy can find mate more easily and has mating advantage but also increased predation risk

Question 18

Co evolution and brood parasitism

Answer 18

Cuckoo brood parasite

Mimics eggs

Counter adaptation of reed warbler - aggression to eggs not like own and more distinct patterns to identify own eggs

Chick would be easier but usually imprints on egg . In some species though that do reject chips no CHICK MIMICRY has evolved .

Question 19

Anti predator alarms 2

Answer 19

Vibrations and head banging in termites in response to pathogenic spires

Ask alarm calls in blue monkeys to Eagles/ leopards predator

Question 20

Terrify defence

Answer 20

Rise hook too moth caterpillars
3 types of vibrational signaks during territorial encounters
Conspecific territory encounters
Residents signal sufficiently more to intruders and most conflicts resolved in less than ten minutes with 91% trials show intruder lost

Question 21

Multimodal signals examples

Answer 21

Jumping spiders
Vibrational component and visual factors
Complex mating display behaviour
Noise is made by phile on cephalothorax when it rubs against plate on abdomen females lack phile
Seismic signals increase chance of mating and decrease chance of being eaten by f

Question 22

Main topics 7

Answer 22

Modality 
Predator prey arms race 
Anti pred communication
Evolution of warning coloration 
Anti predator alarms 
Territory defence 
Courtship signals