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behavioural ecology > 11 > Flashcards

11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a signal? What does it involve

Basic info

A

Sender and receiver
Both benefit
Stable if both benefit
Alters behaviour of receiver but receiver has evolved to respond also

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2
Q

3 communication types

And example

A

Coercion - camouflage
Cue- co2 guide mosquito
Signal - honey bee waggle dance

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3
Q

Show weight not cue

A

Funnel web spider

Weight is indicator of fighting ability but the signal is vibrating web to give info about weight

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4
Q

Same thing can be signal and cue

A

Tungstate frog song
Signal song to female
Cue song alerting itself to prey

Trade off

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5
Q

Classification types 4

A

Modality and medium
Information content
Honesty guarantees
Context

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6
Q

Modality

A

Sound light chemical electric field touch seismic

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7
Q

Medium

A

Air water solid

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8
Q

Info content 3

A

Sender -identity sex size Dom toxicity
Receiver- detection
3rd party- presence/ location/ qual quant

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9
Q

Honesty guarantees 3

A

Index signals- reliable can’t be fakes
Handicap- reliable -costly to fake
Conventional common interest - sender and receiver have common interest
Often seen in monogamous pairs

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10
Q

Context 4

A

Enviro presence and location of resources, conflict or aggression, mating / courtship or social group co ird

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11
Q

Indices two examples

A

Red deer stags
Assess fighting ability or oarallel walk to avoid heavily unmatched fights and reduce fighting costs - locking antlers is rare

Buck bufo Toad
Breed in pond, f there for few ayes so in demand , pitch of croak indicates body size is fewer attacks when deep croak ( limit is that strength of kick is also important)

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12
Q

Vary with qual induces and handicap?

A

Indices vary gradually with quality

Handicap signal means high quality individuals are favoured to make signal

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13
Q

Handicaps examples (4)

A

Stalk eyed flies
Badges of status
Harris sparrow
Honer wasps

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14
Q

Zahavi handicap principle

A

Makes can ridine costly ornaments only if good qual as if a low qual cost would outweigh benefit - the cost is lower for high quality males

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15
Q

Stalk eye male flies

A

High qual make allocates more resources to eye span and steeper decline with food than wing size so honest signal

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16
Q

Harris sparrow

A

Larger black bibs dominate and displace others from food but if faked a signal would have high social cost due to increased aggression and punishment

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17
Q

Honer wasps

A

Black facial spots

Like Harris sparrow faking signal would lead to high social cost of aggression

18
Q

Handicap not only energy costs but also 3

A

Social cost - badges of honor if faked have aggression
Efficacy cost- required to ensure info reliably perceived
Strategic costs- to maintain honesty if handicap signals

19
Q

Common interest 4 examples

A

Honey bee waggle dance
Quorum sensing bac
Fruit flies
House sparrows

20
Q

Common interest

A

No point deceiving receiver

Kin selection

21
Q

Honey bee waggle dance shows

A

Kim selection Alba shows distanc and angle of food source by dancing

Worker gains kin selection as dancer relatives will be fed

22
Q

Quorum sensing bacteria

A

Between cells
Switches behaviour if high pop density
High pop density - use of common good

23
Q

Problem with honest signals

A

Individuals that don’t respond to signal can invade pop as get benefits ie in quorum bacteria

24
Q

Fruit flies

A

Courtship and receipt ability drosophila female if mates stops the male wasting his time dancing by extruding her ovipositor and bending her a do towards him and stopping this

Honest signals are common in spp where f mates once

25
Q

House sparrows

A

Non relative signalling
Vocalisation when food source found
Icrease S number mean reduced predation risk

But sparrow chirrup call shows this depends on situ
If predator not preset and food easy to share less call

26
Q

Dishonest signals examples 4

A

Fork tailed drongos
Fiddler crab
Angkerfish
Mantis shrimp

27
Q

Fork tailed drongos bird

A

Makes fake alarm call to makes meerkat abandon food so eat it - but not all calls are false

1/4 food is stolen

28
Q

Fiddler crabs

A

Low qual make can lose claw and Regrow weaker that is dishonest indicator of fighting ability

29
Q

Angler fish

A

Lures other fish using LURE looks like work

Bayesian mimicry is also dishonest signal h

30
Q

Mantis shrimp

A

Forelimbs covered in exoskeleton moults every 2 months but can still use as threat even when has moulted it

This is rare as less than 15 % are moulting at any one time

31
Q

Intentionality of communication unintended (2) and examples

A

Eaves dropping m fiddler crabs and Siamese fighting fish

Exploitation - bats crickets and humans and parasitoids

32
Q

Eaves dropping

A

M fiddler crabs - see makes and see other mail waving conspicuously but can begin waving before f visible

F Siamese fighting fish- If audience m make no Sig difference in way males displayed but if audience female m increase intensity of conspicuous displays

Audience effect -info to make and female

33
Q

Exploitation

A

Parasitoids- as makes are usually more signalling sex they are usually more at risk of predators that locate by sex signals

Bats exploiting neutropical all frog calls - eavesdrops in advertisement if m tungaa fm frog and exploits frog sing to predate it

Parasitoids flies exploiting cricket calls- acoustically orientates via phonotaxis to m cricket sing so singing is therefore costly as attractive to mate as well as predator

Human language - honesty could be maintained by social cost of lying - did selectio factors lead to dif communication forms

34
Q

Cost benefit if honesty

Strategy and currency

A

How much to invest in a sexual trait in order to attract mates benefit given the cot is producing it

Long term maximisation of fitness

35
Q

Honesty cba

Assumption

A

As trait gets larger it becomes more disturbing to produce therefore cost is energetic

36
Q

What determines the cost for particular value of T (trait)

A

Cost coefficient alpha

37
Q

W=

A

Benefits - costs

38
Q

W of L(T)

A

T - alpha L T^2

Or
T-2T^2

39
Q

W of H (T) =

A

T - alpha H T^2
Or

T-T^2

40
Q

Lec overview 6

A 
Basics
Classification 
Honesty hypotheses 
Dishonest signals 
Intentionality 
Cost benefit of honesty

More examples (lec 12)

behavioural ecology (11 decks)

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