1A: skilled performances and skill acquisition

Question 1

what is a skill

Answer 1

a coordinated movement programme that has been learned to achieve a specific outcome

Question 2

what is an ability

Answer 2

a genetically inherited talent or proficiency in a particular area

Question 3

how do skills and abilities link

Answer 3

abilities underpin and contribute to skills and can affect a persons potential to learn or improve a skill.

Question 4

what are the characteristics of a skilled performance

Answer 4

technical execution, anticipation, consistency and kinaesthetic awareness

Question 5

what is technical execution

Answer 5

skilled performers are economical and fluent with their movements. they use appropriate techniques that are controlled and accurate which are energy efficient

Question 6

what is anticipation in skilled performance

Answer 6

skilled performers have the ability to read a game or sporting situation. this means they are good at predicting the next moves of their opponents.

Question 7

what is consistency in a skilled performance

Answer 7

skilled performers execute skills with a high success rate, consistency of skill execution and performance are key features of skilled performance

Question 8

what is kinaesthetic awareness in skilled performance

Answer 8

athletes with good kinaesthetic awareness demonstrate an impressive understanding and feel for their body position during sporting movement

Question 9

what are the indicators of a skilled performance

Answer 9

aesthetically pleasing, consistent , efficient, fluent, accurate, controlled, economical. (ACE FACE)

Question 10

Who created the stages of learning a new skill

Answer 10

fitts and posner 1967

Question 11

what are the three stages of learning a new skill

Answer 11

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Question 12

what is the cognitive stage of learning like

Answer 12

demonstrations from coach are vital, the beginner must give their full attention, external, clear, simple, limited feedback required, inconsistency and errors are common and movement is awkward and forced

Question 13

what is the associative stage like

Answer 13

they perform and practice skills under a variety of situations, their movement is nearly correct, errors are fewer and smaller, the learner develops the ability to give internal kinaesthetic feedback and coaches feedback is more detailed and terminal

Question 14

what is the autonomous stage like

Answer 14

the athlete can perform under complex tactical situations without conscious thought, spare attention goes on tactics, high level of efficiency and accuracy and is aesthetically pleasing, external feedback is rarely required

Question 15

what are the three types of skills

Answer 15

psychomotor, perceptual, cognitive

Question 16

what is a psychomotor skill

Answer 16

a bodily movement performed voluntarily with a predetermined end result, eg shooting in basketball

Question 17

what is a perceptual skill

Answer 17

interpreting the sporting environment to allow the athlete to make effective decisions during play, eg analysing a green when putting in golf to decide how it may affect the trajectory of the ball before choosing what shot to play

Question 18

what is a cognitive skill

Answer 18

problem solving during play, eg making the decision to shoot or pass

Question 19

what is a skill continuum

Answer 19

a scale that can grade something from one extreme to another

Question 20

what is a simple skill

Answer 20

needs limited decisions to be processed and there is not a lot for the performer to think about eg forward roll

Question 21

what is a complex skill

Answer 21

one in where there may be many decisions to make and a large amount of information needed before the performer can attempt the skill, eg dribbling in hockey requires the player to think about the position of opponents as well as stick action

Question 22

what is an open skill

Answer 22

performed in an environment with changing factors eh passing to a teammate in rugby

Question 23

what is a closed skill

Answer 23

external factors do not change, throwing a dart

Question 24

what is a gross skill

Answer 24

involves big movements such as leg and arm movements found in walking

Question 25

what is a fine skill

Answer 25

precise usually smaller movements such as the fine adjustments of the wrist when aiming a putt in gold

Question 26

what is a self paced skill

Answer 26

under the control of the performer eg throwing a javelin

Question 27

what is an externally paced skill

Answer 27

a skill dictated by the surrounding environment, eg timing a rugby tackle correctly to hit a moving opponent

Question 28

what are the four parts that make up the information processing model

Answer 28

input/ perceiving, decision making/processing, acting/output, evaluating/ feedback

Question 29

what are the types of practice

Answer 29

fixed, massed, variable, distributed and mental

Question 30

when should you use massed practice

Answer 30

when simulating pressurised situations or in order to test the skill level under fatigue

Question 31

when should you use distributed practice

Answer 31

during associative stage of skill acquisition, practice is broken up into small chunks allowing for rest/learning

Question 32

when should you use fixed practice

Answer 32

when a repetitive short skill is needed to be improved, useful for closed skills

Question 33

what is variable practice

Answer 33

beneficial for autonomous learners in order to provide a challenge. team sports will use this to work on different game situations.

Question 34

what are the methods of practice

Answer 34

whole, part, whole-part-whole.

Question 35

what is whole practice

Answer 35

when a skill difficult to break down into smaller parts

Question 36

what is part practice

Answer 36

if a skill has different parts that can be worked on in isolation

Question 37

what is whole part whole practice

Answer 37

if a complex skill has many different parts with one aspect that needs attention, excellent for an associative or cognitive learner

Question 38

when should you use mental rehearsal

Answer 38

beneficial for many athletes especially those who are autonomous learners. allows an athlete draw upon past successes which brings confidence

Question 39

what are the principles of effective practice

Answer 39

VPSMARTER: varied, progressive, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time bound, exciting, recorded

Question 40

what are the 4 types of guidance

Answer 40

visual, verbal, manual and mechanical

Question 41

what is visual guidance

Answer 41

used in all stages of learning but particularly useful in cognitive stage, includes physical demonstration by coach, but must be so accurate

Question 42

what is verbal guidance

Answer 42

often used by coaches to explain the task and describe actions, used for associative stage, within the autonomous stage, verbal guidance is vital for marginal gains

Question 43

what is manual guidance

Answer 43

involves physical contact or support, often used when there is an element of danger or to take the performer through the movement, more appropriate at cognitive or associative stage

Question 44

what is mechanical guidance

Answer 44

uses equipment to aid the learning process, this might be a float in swimming at the cognitive stage or a harness to take a gymnast at the autonomous stage through a difficult move