1A: skilled performances and skill acquisition Flashcards
what is a skill
a coordinated movement programme that has been learned to achieve a specific outcome
what is an ability
a genetically inherited talent or proficiency in a particular area
how do skills and abilities link
abilities underpin and contribute to skills and can affect a persons potential to learn or improve a skill.
what are the characteristics of a skilled performance
technical execution, anticipation, consistency and kinaesthetic awareness
what is technical execution
skilled performers are economical and fluent with their movements. they use appropriate techniques that are controlled and accurate which are energy efficient
what is anticipation in skilled performance
skilled performers have the ability to read a game or sporting situation. this means they are good at predicting the next moves of their opponents.
what is consistency in a skilled performance
skilled performers execute skills with a high success rate, consistency of skill execution and performance are key features of skilled performance
what is kinaesthetic awareness in skilled performance
athletes with good kinaesthetic awareness demonstrate an impressive understanding and feel for their body position during sporting movement
what are the indicators of a skilled performance
aesthetically pleasing, consistent , efficient, fluent, accurate, controlled, economical. (ACE FACE)
Who created the stages of learning a new skill
fitts and posner 1967
what are the three stages of learning a new skill
cognitive, associative, autonomous
what is the cognitive stage of learning like
demonstrations from coach are vital, the beginner must give their full attention, external, clear, simple, feedback required, inconsistency and errors are common and movement is awkward and forced
what is the associative stage like
they perform and practice skills under a variety of situations, their movement is nearly correct, errors are fewer and smaller, the learner develops the ability to give internal kinaesthetic feedback and coaches feedback is more detailed and terminal
what is the autonomous stage like
the athlete can perform under complex tactical situations without conscious thought, spare attention goes on tactics, high level of efficiency and accuracy and is aesthetically pleasing, external feedback is rarely required
what are the three types of skills
psychomotor, perceptual, cognitive
what is a psychomotor skill
a bodily movement performed voluntarily with a predetermined end result, eg shooting in basketball
what is a perceptual skill
interpreting the sporting environment to allow the athlete to make effective decisions during play, eg analysing a green when putting in golf to decide how it may affect the trajectory of the ball before choosing what shot to play
what is a cognitive skill
problem solving during play, eg making the decision to shoot or pass
what is a skill continuum
a scale that can grade something from one extreme to another
what is a simple skill
needs limited decisions to be processed and there is not a lot for the performer to think about eg forward roll
what is a complex skill
one in where there may be many decisions to make and a large amount of information needed before the performer can attempt the skill, eg dribbling in hockey requires the player to think about the position of opponents as well as stick action
what is an open skill
performed in an environment with changing factors eh passing to a teammate in rugby
what is a closed skill
external factors do not change, throwing a dart
what is a gross skill
involves big movements such as leg and arm movements found in walking
what is a fine skill
precise usually smaller movements such as the fine adjustments of the wrist when aiming a putt in gold
what is a self paced skill
under the control of the performer eg throwing a javelin
what is an externally paced skill
a skill dictated by the surrounding environment, eg timing a rugby tackle correctly to hit a moving opponent
what are the four parts that make up the information processing model
input/ perceiving, decision making/processing, acting/output, evaluating/ feedback
what are the types of practice
fixed, massed, variable, distributed and mental
when should you use massed practice
when simulating pressurised situations or in order to test the skill level under fatigue
when should you use distributed practice
during associative stage of skill acquisition, practice is broken up into small chunks allowing for rest/learning
when should you use fixed practice
when a repetitive short skill is needed to be improved, useful for closed skills
what is variable practice
beneficial for autonomous learners in order to provide a challenge. team sports will use this to work on different game situations.
what are the methods of practice
whole, part, whole-part-whole.
what is whole practice
when a skill difficult to break down into smaller parts
what is part practice
if a skill has different parts that can be worked on in isolation
what is whole part whole practice
if a complex skill has many different parts with one aspect that needs attention, excellent for an associative or cognitive learner
when should you use mental rehearsal
beneficial for many athletes especially those who are autonomous learners. allows an athlete draw upon past successes which brings confidence
what are the principles of effective practice
VPSMARTER: varied, progressive, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time bound, exciting, recorded
what are the 4 types of guidance
visual, verbal, manual and mechanical
what is visual guidance
used in all stages of learning but particularly useful in cognitive stage, includes physical demonstration by coach, but must be so accurate
what is verbal guidance
often used by coaches to explain the task and describe actions, used for associative stage, within the autonomous stage, verbal guidance is vital for marginal gains
what is manual guidance
involves physical contact or support, often used when there is an element of danger or to take the performer through the movement, more appropriate at cognitive or associative stage
what is mechanical guidance
uses equipment to aid the learning process, this might be a float in swimming at the cognitive stage or a harness to take a gymnast at the autonomous stage through a difficult move
