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1918-29 Flashcards

1
Q

Post war working reforms

A

November 1918

Workers granted eight hour day

All restrictions on trade unions abolished

System of industrial tribunals to provide arbitration

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2
Q

What and when was the Youth Welfare act

A

1922

Established a youth service to promote physical fitness and social engagements

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3
Q

When was unemployment relief granted

A

1924

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4
Q

What groups remained powerful in both Kaiserreich and Weimar

A

Traditional military release

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5
Q

Why did the military elite remain powerful

A

As Weimar governments moved right, army influenced increased

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6
Q

How did the military budget change between 1924 and 1928

A

Increased by 75%

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7
Q

National debt in 1919

A

144 billion marks

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8
Q

National debt in December 1922

A

469 billion makes

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9
Q

How did manufacturing output change between 1914 and 1919

A

30% lower in 1919

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10
Q

Causes of hyperinflation

A

Loss of income from Ruhr passive resistance
Printing more money to compensate
Germany not financially prepared for WW1
War economy too focussed on military weapons
Weimar government adopted a policy of defect funding to maintain good work and cover the welfare state

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11
Q

Affects of hyperinflation

A

People went to bartering
Major food shortages as farmers refused to accept payment
Life savings became worthless
Some people turned to crime out of desperation
Rentenmark Introduced

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12
Q

Who was blamed for hyperinflation

A

Fat-cat factory owners
Jewish financiers
Treaty of Versailles
Weimar democracy

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13
Q

Who gained from hyperinflation

A

People in debt could quickly pay what they owe
Exporters gained from the weak currency
Entrepreneurs could gain from cheap credit

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14
Q

Who lost out due to hyperinflation

A

Savers saw their savings become worthless overnight
Middle class people forced to sell possessions
Nationalistic politicians blamed immigrants and Jews for the hyperinflation

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15
Q

When did hyperinflation occur and why

A

1923 after Germany missed a reparations payment in late 1922

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16
Q

What caused the Ruhr occupation

A

In November 1922, Germany defaulted on a repetitions payment as it claimed it could no longer pay

France and Belgium believed Germany was choosing not to pay, so sent their troops into the Ruhr to take key industrial goods in replace of cash

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17
Q

What was passive resistance

A

The German government ordered its people to refuse to work with foreign governments, and in return would continue to pay their wages

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18
Q

What were the affects of passive resistance

A

Germany lost industrial output, weakening the already damaged economy
To pay striking workers Germany was forced to inflate its currency
Led to an increase in inflation

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19
Q

What was the price of bread by November 1923

A

200,000 million marks

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20
Q

What was the Stinnes-Leiden agreement

A

Led by Leigen and Stinnes

Created central working association

Established workers committees, trade Union rights and binding arbitration on disputes

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21
Q

How did the number of strikes change between 1924 and 1928

A

Went from 1973 to 739

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22
Q

Change in German economy between 1913 and 1929

A

Grew by 6%

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23
Q

How did iron coal and steel production compare to 1913

A

Never reached the levels of 1913

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24
Q

How did the cost of living change between 1914 and 1928

A

Increased by about 50%

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25
Unemployment in Germany between 1924 and 1928
1924- 4.9% 1926- 10% 1928- 6.2%
26
How did agriculture do through the 1920s
Agriculture struggled due to cheap foreign imports and low prices due to global competition Prices fell rapidly through the 20s
27
What was Germanys balance of trade in the 1920s
Mostly in deficit
28
German government budget in 1920s
Mainly a budget deficit
29
When was the first Weimar election and what was the outcome
January 1919 85% turnout and 76% of votes in support of parliamentary democracy showed faith in the system Ebert elected president of Germany SPD-DDP-Centre coalition
30
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed
June 1919
31
Affect of Treaty of Versailles on Germany
Germany lost land in East, West and North France took back Alsace- Lloriaine Rhineland became demilitarised zone No alliance between Germany and Austria Repetitions of $6,500 million
32
Military affects of Treaty of Versailles
Army reduced to 100,000 No military aircraft, tanks or submarines
33
Nationalistic response to Treaty of Versailles
Angry at signing the treaty, felt Germany could have won the war Fuelled stab in the back myth
34
When did passive resistance end
September 1923
35
What was the Ruhr uprising and how did it end
A left wing workers revolt in the Ruhr region Initially took place in support of general strike Germany army sent in with Freikorps to crush Red Ruhr Army Done with incredible brutality
36
What was the Dawes plan
An agreement between Germany and Allied forces on reparations payments Confirmed sum at 132,000 million marks Payments would rise from 1000 million to 2500 million marks over 5 years then based on economic performance Loans given to support German economy
37
Reaction to Dawes plan
Germany able to pay reparations as scheduled Helped stimulate growth Aided economic recovery Opposed by right groups as it accepted reparations payments as valid
38
When was the Dawes Plan
1924
39
What was the Locarno treaties
Series of treaties with Britain France Belgium and Italy Accepted Germanys western borders All contries renounced use of force
40
When was the Locarno treaties
1925
41
When was the treaty of Berlin
April 1926
42
What was the treaty of Berlin
Streseman signed a treaty with USSR Used treaty to put pressure on the west to improve relations with Germany due to fears of USSR Helped develop relationships between USSR and Germany
43
When did Germany join the League of Nations
September 1926
44
When was the Youngs plan
1929
45
Details of the youngs plan
Reduced current payments and total burden of repetitions Scheduled payments over a longer schedule Allied supervision ended Total sum dropped by over 70% Allowed Germany to participate in reparations negotiations
46
When was the Kapp putsch
March 1920
47
Who was involved in the Kapp putsch
The army, Freikorps members and right-wing nationalists
48
What triggered the Kapp putsch
The disbandment of two large Freikorps legions
49
Why was the Kapp putsch defeated
The SPD asked the German people to halt the counter revolution by carrying out a general strike, which brought Berlin to a halt
50
How did the Kapp putsch almost trigger a communist revolution
The mobilisation of the KPD, radical unions and other left wing groups led to several communist issurections
51
When was the spartacist uprising
January 1919
52
Who were the leaders of both sides of the spartacist revolution
The social democrat side- led by Ebert and the SPD The communist side- led by Liebknecht and Luxemberg
53
When was the Weimar constitution implemented
August 1919
54
Key changes under the Weimar constitution
Legislature elected using PR Universal suffrage over 20 established President could be removed by Reichstag vote Created true democracy
55
Strengths of Weimar constitution
True democracy created- universal suffrage and proportional representation Bill of rights created new freedom and rights for German people
56
Weaknesses of Weimar constitution
Article 48 allowed President to seize power PR resulted in minority parties gaining voices and weak, short-lived coalitions
57
How did Ebert and Hindenburg use article 48
Ebert used it over 60 times between 1923 and 1924 Hindenburg forced to use it to pass almsot every law by end of tenure
58
What was the key clause of the treaty of Versailles
Article 231- the war guilt clause
59
What caused the Munich putsch
The hyperinflation crisis weakened the Weimar government The Nazi party was bigger than ever in 1923 In September 1923 Weimar government called out a general strike Hitler had a large army of SA soliders waiting to fight
60
Events of the Munich putsch
Hitler arranged with two nationalist politicians, Kahr and Lossow, to take over Munich On October 4, Kahr and lossow called off the rebellion, but Hitler already had 3000 soldiers ready On 8th November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a local beer hall where Kahr and Lossow were meeting On the 9th November, Hitler stormed Munich but Kahr had called police and army reinforcements
61
Consequences of the Munich putsch
Police killed 16 SA members Nazi party banned Hitler banned from public speaking until 1927 Hitler tried for high treason and imprisoned for 5 years
62
Long term success of Munich putsch
16 dead SA turned into martyrs Time in comfortable prison allowed Hitler time to write Mein Kampf- his ideas became well known Released early- leinency of judicial system showed Hitler had sympathy in authority figures Hitler realised he would be unable to come to power by revolutionary means
63
How did Nazi membership change between 1925 and 1929
27,000 to 130,000
64
When was the Bamberg conference
February 1926
65
Key results of the Bamberg conference
Hitler insisted communist policies were not to be followed Established the leaders principle- the idea that the party leader was in complete control. No dissent allowed
66
Why did the Nazis only have limited support between 1924-28
Stresemans economic policies had helped stabilise Germany- preventing extreme parties gaining power Political stability meant that playing on fears was less effective Hitler was jailed and banned from speaking due to Munich putsch- which also brought attention and bans to Nazi party
67
When was Streseman chancellor
August to November 1923
68
Key successes and policies of Streseman
Sent striking workers in the Ruhr back to work Prevented money printing Brought in the Rentenmark Negotiated the Dawes and Youngs plans
69
What were the years 1924-29 known as
The golden age of Weimar
70
Why did the golden age of Weimar occur
American investment left Germany flush with cash Ending of french occupation of the Ruhr Social welfare expanded Increase in workers pay
71
When was the Unemployment Insurance Law
1927
72
What did the Unemployment Insurance Law do
Required workers and employers to contribute to a national fund for unemployment welfare
73
What was article 155 of the Weimar constitution
Declared the state must strive to secure housing for German families
74
How many homes build between 1924 and 1931
Over 2 million
75
How did real wages change from 1924
Increase every year from 1924 Increased by 9% in 1927, by 12% in 1928
76
Who didn’t benefit from the golden age of Weimar and why
The middle classes- mittlestand Stripped of their savings by hyperinflation Wages overtaken by working classes No political party to represent them
77
How did GDP change between 1913 and 1929
12% increase
78
How did exports change between 1924 and 1929
Doubled

German History (9 decks)

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