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German History > 1918-29 > Flashcards

1918-29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Post war working reforms

A

November 1918

Workers granted eight hour day

All restrictions on trade unions abolished

System of industrial tribunals to provide arbitration

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2
Q

What and when was the Youth Welfare act

A

1922

Established a youth service to promote physical fitness and social engagements

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3
Q

When was unemployment relief granted

A

1924

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4
Q

What groups remained powerful in both Kaiserreich and Weimar

A

Traditional military release

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5
Q

Why did the military elite remain powerful

A

As Weimar governments moved right, army influenced increased

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6
Q

How did the military budget change between 1924 and 1928

A

Increased by 75%

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7
Q

National debt in 1919

A

144 billion marks

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8
Q

National debt in December 1922

A

469 billion makes

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9
Q

How did manufacturing output change between 1914 and 1919

A

30% lower in 1919

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10
Q

Causes of hyperinflation

A

Loss of income from Ruhr passive resistance
Printing more money to compensate
Germany not financially prepared for WW1
War economy too focussed on military weapons
Weimar government adopted a policy of defect funding to maintain good work and cover the welfare state

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11
Q

Affects of hyperinflation

A

People went to bartering
Major food shortages as farmers refused to accept payment
Life savings became worthless
Some people turned to crime out of desperation
Rentenmark Introduced

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12
Q

Who was blamed for hyperinflation

A

Fat-cat factory owners
Jewish financiers
Treaty of Versailles
Weimar democracy

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13
Q

Who gained from hyperinflation

A

People in debt could quickly pay what they owe
Exporters gained from the weak currency
Entrepreneurs could gain from cheap credit

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14
Q

Who lost out due to hyperinflation

A

Savers saw their savings become worthless overnight
Middle class people forced to sell possessions
Nationalistic politicians blamed immigrants and Jews for the hyperinflation

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15
Q

When did hyperinflation occur and why

A

1923 after Germany missed a reparations payment in late 1922

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16
Q

What caused the Ruhr occupation

A

In November 1922, Germany defaulted on a repetitions payment as it claimed it could no longer pay

France and Belgium believed Germany was choosing not to pay, so sent their troops into the Ruhr to take key industrial goods in replace of cash

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17
Q

What was passive resistance

A

The German government ordered its people to refuse to work with foreign governments, and in return would continue to pay their wages

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18
Q

What were the affects of passive resistance

A

Germany lost industrial output, weakening the already damaged economy
To pay striking workers Germany was forced to inflate its currency
Led to an increase in inflation

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19
Q

What was the price of bread by November 1923

A

200,000 million marks

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20
Q

What was the Stinnes-Leiden agreement

A

Led by Leigen and Stinnes

Created central working association

Established workers committees, trade Union rights and binding arbitration on disputes

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21
Q

How did the number of strikes change between 1924 and 1928

A

Went from 1973 to 739

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22
Q

Change in German economy between 1913 and 1929

A

Grew by 6%

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23
Q

How did iron coal and steel production compare to 1913

A

Never reached the levels of 1913

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24
Q

How did the cost of living change between 1914 and 1928

A

Increased by about 50%

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25
Q

Unemployment in Germany between 1924 and 1928

A

1924- 4.9%

1926- 10%

1928- 6.2%

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26
Q

How did agriculture do through the 1920s

A

Agriculture struggled due to cheap foreign imports and low prices due to global competition

Prices fell rapidly through the 20s

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27
Q

What was Germanys balance of trade in the 1920s

A

Mostly in deficit

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28
Q

German government budget in 1920s

A

Mainly a budget deficit

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29
Q

When was the first Weimar election and what was the outcome

A

January 1919

85% turnout and 76% of votes in support of parliamentary democracy showed faith in the system

Ebert elected president of Germany

SPD-DDP-Centre coalition

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30
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed

A

June 1919

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31
Q

Affect of Treaty of Versailles on Germany

A

Germany lost land in East, West and North
France took back Alsace- Lloriaine
Rhineland became demilitarised zone
No alliance between Germany and Austria
Repetitions of $6,500 million

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32
Q

Military affects of Treaty of Versailles

A

Army reduced to 100,000
No military aircraft, tanks or submarines

33
Q

Nationalistic response to Treaty of Versailles

A

Angry at signing the treaty, felt Germany could have won the war

Fuelled stab in the back myth

34
Q

When did passive resistance end

A

September 1923

35
Q

What was the Ruhr uprising and how did it end

A

A left wing workers revolt in the Ruhr region
Initially took place in support of general strike
Germany army sent in with Freikorps to crush Red Ruhr Army
Done with incredible brutality

36
Q

What was the Dawes plan

A

An agreement between Germany and Allied forces on reparations payments
Confirmed sum at 132,000 million marks
Payments would rise from 1000 million to 2500 million marks over 5 years then based on economic performance
Loans given to support German economy

37
Q

Reaction to Dawes plan

A

Germany able to pay reparations as scheduled
Helped stimulate growth
Aided economic recovery
Opposed by right groups as it accepted reparations payments as valid

38
Q

When was the Dawes Plan

A

1924

39
Q

What was the Locarno treaties

A

Series of treaties with Britain France Belgium and Italy
Accepted Germanys western borders
All contries renounced use of force

40
Q

When was the Locarno treaties

A

1925

41
Q

When was the treaty of Berlin

A

April 1926

42
Q

What was the treaty of Berlin

A

Streseman signed a treaty with USSR

Used treaty to put pressure on the west to improve relations with Germany due to fears of USSR

Helped develop relationships between USSR and Germany

43
Q

When did Germany join the League of Nations

A

September 1926

44
Q

When was the Youngs plan

A

1929

45
Q

Details of the youngs plan

A

Reduced current payments and total burden of repetitions
Scheduled payments over a longer schedule
Allied supervision ended
Total sum dropped by over 70%
Allowed Germany to participate in reparations negotiations

46
Q

When was the Kapp putsch

A

March 1920

47
Q

Who was involved in the Kapp putsch

A

The army, Freikorps members and right-wing nationalists

48
Q

What triggered the Kapp putsch

A

The disbandment of two large Freikorps legions

49
Q

Why was the Kapp putsch defeated

A

The SPD asked the German people to halt the counter revolution by carrying out a general strike, which brought Berlin to a halt

50
Q

How did the Kapp putsch almost trigger a communist revolution

A

The mobilisation of the KPD, radical unions and other left wing groups led to several communist issurections

51
Q

When was the spartacist uprising

A

January 1919

52
Q

Who were the leaders of both sides of the spartacist revolution

A

The social democrat side- led by Ebert and the SPD

The communist side- led by Liebknecht and Luxemberg

53
Q

When was the Weimar constitution implemented

A

August 1919

54
Q

Key changes under the Weimar constitution

A

Legislature elected using PR
Universal suffrage over 20 established
President could be removed by Reichstag vote
Created true democracy

55
Q

Strengths of Weimar constitution

A

True democracy created- universal suffrage and proportional representation
Bill of rights created new freedom and rights for German people

56
Q

Weaknesses of Weimar constitution

A

Article 48 allowed President to seize power
PR resulted in minority parties gaining voices and weak, short-lived coalitions

57
Q

How did Ebert and Hindenburg use article 48

A

Ebert used it over 60 times between 1923 and 1924

Hindenburg forced to use it to pass almsot every law by end of tenure

58
Q

What was the key clause of the treaty of Versailles

A

Article 231- the war guilt clause

59
Q

What caused the Munich putsch

A

The hyperinflation crisis weakened the Weimar government
The Nazi party was bigger than ever in 1923
In September 1923 Weimar government called out a general strike
Hitler had a large army of SA soliders waiting to fight

60
Q

Events of the Munich putsch

A

Hitler arranged with two nationalist politicians, Kahr and Lossow, to take over Munich
On October 4, Kahr and lossow called off the rebellion, but Hitler already had 3000 soldiers ready
On 8th November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a local beer hall where Kahr and Lossow were meeting
On the 9th November, Hitler stormed Munich but Kahr had called police and army reinforcements

61
Q

Consequences of the Munich putsch

A

Police killed 16 SA members
Nazi party banned
Hitler banned from public speaking until 1927
Hitler tried for high treason and imprisoned for 5 years

62
Q

Long term success of Munich putsch

A

16 dead SA turned into martyrs
Time in comfortable prison allowed Hitler time to write Mein Kampf- his ideas became well known
Released early- leinency of judicial system showed Hitler had sympathy in authority figures
Hitler realised he would be unable to come to power by revolutionary means

63
Q

How did Nazi membership change between 1925 and 1929

A

27,000 to 130,000

64
Q

When was the Bamberg conference

A

February 1926

65
Q

Key results of the Bamberg conference

A

Hitler insisted communist policies were not to be followed
Established the leaders principle- the idea that the party leader was in complete control. No dissent allowed

66
Q

Why did the Nazis only have limited support between 1924-28

A

Stresemans economic policies had helped stabilise Germany- preventing extreme parties gaining power
Political stability meant that playing on fears was less effective
Hitler was jailed and banned from speaking due to Munich putsch- which also brought attention and bans to Nazi party

67
Q

When was Streseman chancellor

A

August to November 1923

68
Q

Key successes and policies of Streseman

A

Sent striking workers in the Ruhr back to work
Prevented money printing
Brought in the Rentenmark
Negotiated the Dawes and Youngs plans

69
Q

What were the years 1924-29 known as

A

The golden age of Weimar

70
Q

Why did the golden age of Weimar occur

A

American investment left Germany flush with cash
Ending of french occupation of the Ruhr
Social welfare expanded
Increase in workers pay

71
Q

When was the Unemployment Insurance Law

A

1927

72
Q

What did the Unemployment Insurance Law do

A

Required workers and employers to contribute to a national fund for unemployment welfare

73
Q

What was article 155 of the Weimar constitution

A

Declared the state must strive to secure housing for German families

74
Q

How many homes build between 1924 and 1931

A

Over 2 million

75
Q

How did real wages change from 1924

A

Increase every year from 1924

Increased by 9% in 1927, by 12% in 1928

76
Q

Who didn’t benefit from the golden age of Weimar and why

A

The middle classes- mittlestand

Stripped of their savings by hyperinflation

Wages overtaken by working classes

No political party to represent them

77
Q

How did GDP change between 1913 and 1929

A

12% increase

78
Q

How did exports change between 1924 and 1929

A

Doubled

German History (9 decks)

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