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German History > 1900-1918 > Flashcards

1900-1918 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the miners strike

A

Jan 1900

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2
Q

When was the army bill

A

1913

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3
Q

When was the tariff reform

A

1902

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4
Q

When was the medical insurance act

A

1914

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5
Q

How did population change between 1800 and 1914

A

50 million to 67 million

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6
Q

What were the issues with cartels in the German economy

A

Cartels generate addition societal hosts through increased market share for inefficient producers

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7
Q

What was German steel output in 1914

A

17.6 million tons

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8
Q

What were the key points of weltpolitik

A

To build the Germany of the Kaisers vision
Win colonies
Have German power respected abroad
Increase size of navy

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9
Q

Why did Weltpolitik cause issues

A

Concerns from socialists in the Reichstag about who was paying for weltpolitik

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10
Q

How did the Eulenberg affair show the kaiserreich was only semi- absolutist

A

Eulenbergs dismissal showed that the Kaiser was beholden to others

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11
Q

What was the Daily Telegraph affair

A

Kaisers interview with the Daily Telegraph suggested that he wanted closer alliance with England

Bulow allowed interview to be published

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12
Q

What were the affects of the Daily Telegraph affair

A

Reichstag complained as not notified before the announcement

Kaiser felt betrayed by Bulow

Led to Bulow resignation following year

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13
Q

When was the daily telegraph affair

A

1908

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14
Q

What was the result of the 1912 Reichstag election

A

SPD became largest party with 110 deputies

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15
Q

Why did the SPD majority struggle to pass legislation

A

Only the progressive liberals would work with them

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16
Q

Why did the SPD support the army bill

A

Didn’t want to repeat mistakes after Herero uprising

Being unpatriotic cost them votes before

Thought it might give a precedent for more progressive taxation

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17
Q

What was the impact of the army bill

A

Reich debt reached 5 billion marks by 1914

Helped lead to financial crisis post WWI

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18
Q

What was the Zabern affair

A

A German officer insulted the local Alsatians leading to a crowd gathering outside the army barracks

Crowd were imprisoned by soldiers, leading to protests

Kaiser didn’t intervene as he considered it a military affair

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19
Q

Impact of the Zabern affair

A

Vote of no confidence in the Chancellor but Bethmann remained as only Kaiser could dismiss chancellor

Shows kaisers blind loyalty to the ant

Chancellor could ignore Reichstag if he held support of Kaiser

Reichstag was impotent in direct conflict

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20
Q

When was the Zabern affair

A

November 1913

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21
Q

What was burgfreide

A

Political truce between all the major parties

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22
Q

When did bread rationing begin

A

January 1915

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23
Q

What was ersatz

A

Alternative foods

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24
Q

Give two examples of ersatz food

A

Coffee from tree bark

Turnips rather than potatoes

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25
Q

Give an example of the destabilisation in Germany

A

Growth in black market due to food shortages

1/5 to 1/3rd of food could be obtained through illegal channels

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26
Q

What was the winter of 1916-17 known as

A

Turnip winter

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27
Q

How many children died or hunger in 1916

A

80,000

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28
Q

How did the youth crime rate change in Germany during WWI

A

Doubled

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29
Q

Female mortality rate in 1917

A

30%

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30
Q

What affected the production of German industry

A

Raw material shortages

31
Q

How much of the industrial workforce was female at the end of WW1

A

1/3

32
Q

How did working conditions change during the war

A

Working hours increased

People fighting on the front lines led to a decrease in working population

33
Q

When was the Auxillary Service law

A

December 1916

34
Q

What did the Auxiliary Service law do

A

Made it law for German males 17-60 to work for the war effort if required

35
Q

Why was the auxiliary service law implemented

A

To deal with industrial labour shortages

Less effective as there were not that many men not already in employment of army

36
Q

What concessions were given to trade unions during WW1

A

Right to collective bargaining

Union official allowed to sit on factory boards

37
Q

When was the Imperial Grain Corporation founded

A

January 1915

38
Q

How did Germany regulate food shortages

A

Over 40 different bodies set up by the Bundestag to administer the rationing and distribution of food

39
Q

Why did Germanys method of food control fall short

A

These corporations competed with federal, state and regional governments to administer food

40
Q

When was the War Nutrition office founded

A

1916

41
Q

What prior failures led to the war nutrition office

A

To counter the grain crisis, 9 million pigs slaughtered as they consumed grain and feed

Led to pork and fertiliser shortage

42
Q

How did Germany finance the war

A

Printed more money

Encouraged people to buy War bonds- seen as secure and money would be returned when Germany won the wat

43
Q

Why did Germany not raise taxes to fund the war

A

Putting the financial burden of the war on the rich was seen as politically risky

44
Q

When did the British naval blockade of Germany start

A

February 1915

45
Q

How did the British blockade affect Germany

A

Severely limited ability to import raw materials and food

46
Q

How did the Germany economy change over the war years

A

Shrunk by 1/3rd

47
Q

What happened to German industrial production over the war

A

Dropped to 40% of pre war levels

48
Q

What was the affect of burgfriede

A

Laws for necessary loans passed unanimously

Lulled German people into false sense of security

49
Q

Why did the SPD support burgfriede

A

Thought it would give them political recognition

Thought it would increase long term odds of German democracy

50
Q

When did burgfriede start to falter

A

After the deaths at Verdun and Somme in 1916

51
Q

What was the Reichstag Peace Resoltion

A

Centre party deputy calls for negotiated peace without territorial gain

Reichstag passed resolution

52
Q

What was the impact of the Reichstag Peace Resolution

A

Illustrated increasing polarisation between groups which supported peace without victory and those in favour of siegfriede

Led to resignation of Bethamnn-Hollweg

53
Q

What shortages hit Germany in the war

A

Food, fuel and clothing

54
Q

How many children died of hypothermia in 1916

A

121, 000

55
Q

Mortality between 1 and 5 during the war

A

Increased by 50%

56
Q

How much trade was done on the black market in WW1 Germany

A

35% of all trade

57
Q

How many died in WW1

A

1.8 million

58
Q

Why did total war fail in WW1

A

Lack of increase in munitions production
Lack of support from key interest groups
Difficulty in mobilising civilians
Large peacetime debt prevented extent total war could occur

59
Q

How did landowners do during WW1

A

Property rights left mainly untouched

60
Q

Why did the German war economy collapse

A

Struggles in the home front

Reduced workforce led to reduced industrial productivity and reduced agriculture

British blockade led to food shortages

61
Q

How did real wages change during WW1

A

Fell 20-30%

62
Q

How did industry fair during WW1

A

Industry made vast profits, and began to be resented by ordinary Germans

63
Q

How did the value of the mark change between 1913 and 1918

A

Dropped 75%

64
Q

What was the cost of war to Germany

A

$38 billion

65
Q

When did Wilhelm resign

A

November 1918

66
Q

What was the stab in the back myth

A

The belief from some soldiers that Germany did not lose the war, but was betrayed by the countries elites

67
Q

What was the Kiel mutiny

A

Where the German navy were given suicidal orders to attack the British navy, but refused to attack

Resulted in a naval mutiny and the end of the war

Spread to towns and military bases

68
Q

When was the Kiel mutiny

A

October 1918

69
Q

Who announced the Kaisers abdication

A

Prince Max

70
Q

Why did Wilhelm resign

A

Dwindling support on the streets and in his inner circle

Met with Groener and von Hindenburg who told him army could no longer offer support

71
Q

Who was appointed chancellor in November 1918

A

Ebert

72
Q

Why was Ebert appointed

A

He was leader of the SPD, Germanys largest political party

Member of Badens cabinet

Appointment of moderate SPD figure was intended to keep all parties happy

73
Q

What was the two republics

A

Philip Scheidemann called for a new workers German republic

74
Q

What systems did the Kiel mutiny create

A

Led to the formation of workers and soldiers councils

German History (9 decks)

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