1914-1931 - Jinnah and the Muslim League Flashcards
When was the Muslim League formed?
1906
When had the Muslim League and Congress worked together?
Held sessions in Bombay and both committed themselves to pursuing the political objective of self-government
When had Congress and the Muslim League first met in Lucknow?
1916
Partition of Bengal: (2)
- Implied that British were no longer sympathetic to separate electorates
- 1913, demand for separation from the Raj was included in their objectives, which brought them closer to the aims of Congress
Declaration of war against Turkey in 1914:
Caused resentment among those Muslims who regarded the Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph
When was the war declared against turkey?
1914
When was the Lucknow Pact?
1916
What was agreed in the Lucknow Pact?
Agreed that the number of Muslims in the provincial legislatures should be laid down province by province, and that there should be separate electorates for all communities until and unless they requested a joint one.
Treaty of Sevres:
Greatly reduced the size of Turkey and forces within Turkey removed the Sultan from power
Khilafat movement throughout India: (2)
- Used Islamic symbols to unite the diverse Muslim communities
- Repudiated British rule in India and legitimised Muslim participation in any nationalist movement
What did many Muslims join Gandhi in?
Mobilising the masses for the 1920 and 1921 civil disobedience and non-cooperation campaigns
Who had endorsed the Khilafat movement?
Gandhi
What did Gandhi gain buy supporting the Khilafat movement?
Gained the support of a large number of Muslim spiritual and political leaders for his policy of non-violent non-cooperation.
What did Jinnah believe about Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat movement? (2)
- Opportunistic
- Causing schism amongst Muslims, threatening the existing political structure and an orderly progress towards independence
When had the Khilafat movement collapsed?
1923
Why had the Khilafat movement collapsed? (3)
- Turkey rejected the caliphate and became a secular state
- The religious, mass-appeal aspects of the movement alienated Western-orientated politicians like Jinnah, who resigned from Congress
- Many Muslims became uncomfortable with Gandhi’s leadership
Difference in beliefs of God:
- Hindus recognise millions of deities through the one God, Brahman
- Muslims believe in one God, Allah
Difference in worshipping:
- Hindus have several holy books
- Muslim only have one
in 1921, what percentage of Congress delegates were Muslims?
10.9%
By 1923, what percentage of Congress delegates were Muslims?
3.6%
What were the two movements in the early 1920s?
Tanzeem and the Tabligh movements
What did the Tanzeem and Tabligh movements focus on?
Promotion of religion - Islam would be rejuvenated and the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism would stop.
Anjuman Tabligh-ul-Islam
An organisation or assosciation for the promotion of Islam
What did these Anjumans ensure? (4)
- More vigorous preaching
- Better religious education
- Regular observance of religious duties
- Renovation and construction of mosques
Where did Anti-Hindu sentiment grow rapidly and why?
Particularly in the poorer urban areas where Muslims’ anger at their poor economic conditions
What emphasised the idea of separateness?
The position of strict neutrality officially adopted by the Raj
The position of strict neutrality:
Encouraged both Muslims and Hindus to believe that they had equal rights to carry out their own religious practices, no matter what offence they gave
Worship as creating separateness:
- Hindus liked to use gongs, bells and cymbals to create loud music when they were worshipping
- Muslims preferred to pray in silence
Festivals as creating separateness:
- At the Muslim festival of Bakr’Id, cows were ritually slaughtered
- Hindu festival of Holi was particularly noisome
Organisations emphasising separateness:
- The Hindu organisation Arya Samj
- The Muslim Tabligh and Tanzeem movements
Arya Samj: (3)
- Members openly criticised Islam and sought converts to Hinduism
- Established the Cow Protection Society, which brought them into open conflict with Muslim butchers and tradesmen
- Attempted to have Hindi replace Urdu as the language of administration, which frightened Urdu-speaking Muslims
Where had major donors to the Arya Samj come from?
Hindu merchant and money-lending class on whom lower class Muslims depended for their economic security
What Hindu ‘ginger group’ was established in 1906?
Mahasabha
What were members of the Mahasabha prepared to do?
Use force against people they thought were diluting the purity of the Hindu faith. It was a member of this group that was to murder Gandhi in 1948
How did the Raj ensure that the concept of separateness was further emphasised and enshrined in the political solutions they had to offer?
There was a common thread of protecting the rights of minorities by making provisions for separate electorates such as in the 1917 Montagu Declaration and the 1919 Government of India Act
Muslim Reaction to the Simon Commission: (2)
- A large section of the Muslim League led by Jinnah decided to boycott the Commission and refused to give evidence to its commissioners
- Muslims from the provinces where they were in a majority decided to help the Commission’s enquiries
Who else assisted the Simon Commission? (3)
- Anglo Indians
- Sikhs
- Untouchables
Where and when was the Delhi Proposals?
At the Muslim League’s 1927 meeting in Delhi
What did Jinnah hope to achieve with the Delhi proposals?
Hoped to bring Congress and the League back together again
What did Jinnah offer in the Delhi Proposals?
To drop the Muslim League’s support for separate electorates
What did Jinnah want to exchange with Congress, during the Delhi proposals? (3)
- Creation of two new Muslim majority provinces in Sind and the North West Frontier
- Assurance that in the Punjab and Bengal the number of Hindus and Muslims elected should reflect the local population
- The Muslim representation in the Central Legislature be no less than a 1/3 of the total
Where were the Delhi Proposals endorsed?
December 1927 meeting of the Muslim League
1928 All Parties Convention in Calcutta
Met to discuss the Nehru Report and attempted to draft an Indian constitution
When was Jinnah’s 14 points?
March 1929
What did Jinnah’s 14 points desire?
Autonomy
How was Jinnah’s 14 points received?
Rejected by Congress
What happened to Jinnah after his failed 14 points?
He left for England to follow a lucrative career as a barrister
Muslim reaction to the Salt Satyagraha:
Preferred to take the government’s salt to that of Congress
Who represented the Muslim League at the second London Conference
Jinnah and Iqbal, the Aga Khan.
What did Jinnah demand at the second Round Table Conference?
Separate electorates
How did Gandhi alienate many Muslims during the second Round Table Conference?
Gandhi’s insistence that he alone could speak for all India, including the Muslims
