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History-Medicine > 1900-PRESENT > Flashcards

1900-PRESENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed the first magic bullet?

A

Behring
Erlich
Hata

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2
Q

When was the first magic bullet produced?

A

1909

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3
Q

What was the first magic bullet called?

A

Salvarsan 606

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4
Q

Describe Behring’s work on the development of Salvarsan 606

A

Isolated antitoxins used by body to fight diptheria

–>found a way to inject them to fight the disease

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5
Q

What are the factors contributing to Behring’s work?

Explain

A

Communication
-read about Koch’s work isolating specific disease causing microbes
Science and Technology
-new discoveries had improved medical understanding
Individual genius

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6
Q

Define magic bullets

A

Chemical drugs which kill only the disease, without affecting the person

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7
Q

Describe Erlich’s work on the first magic bullet

A

Tried to find a cure for syphilis

-Combining dyes and chems to kill only disease causing microbe

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8
Q

What factors lead to Erlich’s work?

A 
Govt
-funded his research team 
Science and technology
-had improved medical understanding-made his work possible
Communication
-reading work of Koch and Pasteur
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9
Q

What work did Dr Hata do towards developing Salvarsan 606?

A

Joined research team
reviewed past experiments
–>Found they had discarded an effective compound (606th)
=MADE TO MAKE SALVARSAN 606

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10
Q

What factors lead to Hata’s discovery?

A

Earlier work of Erlich’s team

  • ->Science and technology
  • ->Communication
  • ->Govt
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11
Q

What is the name of the second magic bullet?

A

Prontosil

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12
Q

When was prontosil developed?

A

1932

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13
Q

What is prontosil a treatment for?

A

Blood posioning

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14
Q

Who developed prontosil?

A

Domagk

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15
Q

How was prontosil tested?

A

Domagk’s daughter was dying of BP
–>had to take chance
=WORKED

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16
Q

What is the key ingredient of prontosil?

What is the significance of this?

A

Sulphohamide

USed in the development of further drugs

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17
Q

What factors lead to the development of the second magic bullet?

A 
FIRST MAGIC BULLET
Science and technology
Chance
Individual genius (taking risk)
Communication
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18
Q

What was the impact of the developments of the first magic bullets?

A

FIRST CHEM DRUGS
Mass production of treatment of disease possible for first time

Pharmaceutical industry grew rapidly

Effective treatment for previously fatal diseases

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19
Q

Describe the events of Fleming discovering penicillin in 1928

A

Went on holiday w dirty lab
Came back: spore of mould from open window had landed on petri dish–>killed staphylococci bacteria

Used penicillin mould to treat colleague’s eye infection
–>effective but took too long to grow

Wrote journal: left research 1929

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20
Q

When did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

1928

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21
Q

What factors lead to Fleming’s discovery of penicllin in 1928?

A

Chance
-mould landing on dirty dishes

Individual genius
-recognised potential of mould

Govt-HELD BACK
-wouldn’t fund research due to war

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22
Q

Describe the events of Florey and Chain working to mass produce penicillin

A

1930s: read Fleming’s journal

£25 from B govt–>USA funded for 5 years
Tested penicillin on mice (needed 3000x more for human)
–>worked
FUNDED THEMSELVES

1941: enough to treat patient
–>police officer Albert Alexander
Was getting bteer but died when they ran out

1941: USA gov gave loans to companies to produce $80 mill
- ->Britain joined in

D-DAY 1944: 2.3 million doses used ]

After war:
USed as cure all for everyone

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23
Q

How many doses of penicillin were administered on D-DAY 1944?

24
Q

What were the factors in Florey and Chain getting penicllin mass produced?

Study These Flashcards
A

Communication
-read F’s journal

Technology
-lack of prohibited mass production

Govt

  • first inhibited through lack of money (WAR)
  • then funded to produce

War

  • initially stunted due to lack of money for govt
  • need for penicillin resulted in mass production
25
What was the limitation of Germ Theory?
Didn't explain hereditary disease | e.g Downs Syndrome, Diabetes
26
What work on DNA did Franklin do? | When?
Photographed it using x-ray | 1951
27
Who identified the structure of DNA and it's nature of unzipping itself to replicate? WHEN?
Crick and Watson 1953
28
What prize did Crick and Watson win for their work identifying the structure of DNA? WHEN?
Nobel prize 1962
29
Which govts. funded the Human Genome Project?
Japan, US, UK, France and Canada | AND DRUG COMPANIES
30
When was the Human Genome Project started?
1986
31
What was the aim of the Human Genome Project? | Did they do this?
To map the entire structure of the human DNA 18 countries, 15 years: Purpose of every gene in human body identified
32
What's the impact of identifying DNA and what is does?
Genetic screening -test people who may carry genetic disorders Gene therapy - developing currently - normal genes from donor placed into genes of person w genetic disease-->prevent them from suffering from disease - ->OR STEM CELLS
33
When were the Liberal Social Reforms?
1906-1911
34
What were the main acts of the LSR? What do these entail?
Education Act -school meals for poorest children School Medical Service Old Age Pensions Act -married couples 70+ (not enough for necessities) Back to Back Housing banned-new regulation ``` National Health Insurance ACt -health and unemployment insurance (workr, employer and state all contributed) Unemployment benefit 15 weeks Free med care for wage earner ``` =INTRODUCTION OF WELFARE STATE
35
What did the Liberal Social Reforms focus on?
Supporting the vulnerable | old,sick,young,unemployed
36
Which two people lead to the Liberal Social Reforms?
Booth | Rowntree
37
What did Booth do to lead to the LSR?
1889: Life and Labour of the People in London -->35% in poverty 17 vol published - ->RECOMMENDED GREATER GOVT ACTION - esp old
38
What did Rowntree do as a factor for the LSR?
1901 report: Poverty: A Study of Town Life - York - 25% in poverty -->DISCUSSED IMPACT OF POVERTY ON HEALTH
39
What was the impact of the work of Booth and Rowntree?
Shocked govt into action - small pension for 70+ - National Health Insurance
40
What did a report in 1941 show about the impact of the unemployment benefit?
50% less in poverty
41
What was the factor of Germany in the increase in PH at the start of the 20th century? What was the impact of this?
G was becoming serious threat- economic and political standing -->already had a welfare state Knew they were going to war -->B was unprepared due to ill health Had to make development due to competition -->Couldnt afford to lose working days
42
How was the Boer War a factor in the increase in pH in 1900?
1899-1902 (in South Africa) 33% of those volunteering weren't fit to fight =Embarrassing - ->clear govt couldnt rely on pop to fight - ->had to increase PH to be ready for ww2
43
How was the right to vote a factor in increased PH at the start of the 20th century?
40% of men, 0% women -->Govt was pressured to change to appeal to voters (Labour party set up to represent workers)
44
Why was the NHS set up?
Msot couldn't afford health care -only 50% covered by NHI 1930s=mass unemployment -->people couldn't afford insurance 1934=4 mill behind on payments 1928: vote for all - ->govt had to support all ww2: rationing=health=BAD - ->pop had to recover -->GOVT NEEDED CHANGE bad for economy needed to be ready for war competition w germany
45
When did the NHS initially offer?
``` SERVICES FREE AT POINT OF DELIVERY: Medicines and appliances Dentists Specialists Hospital care Ambulances Vaccinations Maternity and child welfare Health visiting Health centres ``` NHS ALSO CONTROLS: Teaching hospitals Medical research -->CHANGES AFTER (eg no dentist)
46
What were reasons for opposition to the NHS?
Drs were afraid they'd lose their freedom Unable to charge for treatment Some believed sick were ill due to laziness -->didn't want poor helped Fears that this would make people less likely to work Didnt want to lose control
47
What was the Beveridge report?
1942-Beveridge Identified 5 areas for govt. to focus on after war -->health=first
48
What work did Bevan do?
Inspirational speeches to drs. -->persuaded them to support Compromised: allowed them to practise privately and charge
49
Why was the NHS set up?
Good health necessary for war effort Labour party promised to carry out Beveridge's ideas if elected Beveridge: disease as priority for govt to deal w after war People wanted a better society and PH after ww2 govt became increasingly concerned w inequality
50
What was the impact of the creation of the NHS?
TREATMENT -all medical provisions covered HUGE TRAINING Standardised training HUGE TECHNOLOGY people had access to a wealth of new diagnostic methods and treatment blood transfusions, x-rays, radiotherapy, CAT scans, pacemakers HUGE
51
What was training for medical professionals like before the NHS?
NO GOVT CONTROL/REGULATION little specialisation university-theory and practical training Profs and Royal Colleges decide curriculum
52
What is training for medical professionals like now?
GOVT REGULATES TO SAFEQUARD university lectures, books, practical on a ward 7 YEARS training: decided by profs and Royal Colleges keep up to date: reading journals etc
53
When was the NHS set up?
1948
54
Describe a hospital 1900-1948
``` Local cottage hospitals Specialist for mentally ill and infectious disease Aspectic surgeries + dressing Spacious, light, well ventilated wards Good sanitation, toilets ``` PAID FOR OR RELIED ON CHARITIES
55
Describe a hospital now
Specialist care Divided specific into wards Technology to diagnose and treat Keeping patients safe from contracting superbugs

History-Medicine (5 decks)

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