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History-Medicine > 1900-PRESENT > Flashcards

1900-PRESENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed the first magic bullet?

A

Behring
Erlich
Hata

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2
Q

When was the first magic bullet produced?

A

1909

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3
Q

What was the first magic bullet called?

A

Salvarsan 606

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4
Q

Describe Behring’s work on the development of Salvarsan 606

A

Isolated antitoxins used by body to fight diptheria

–>found a way to inject them to fight the disease

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5
Q

What are the factors contributing to Behring’s work?

Explain

A

Communication
-read about Koch’s work isolating specific disease causing microbes
Science and Technology
-new discoveries had improved medical understanding
Individual genius

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6
Q

Define magic bullets

A

Chemical drugs which kill only the disease, without affecting the person

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7
Q

Describe Erlich’s work on the first magic bullet

A

Tried to find a cure for syphilis

-Combining dyes and chems to kill only disease causing microbe

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8
Q

What factors lead to Erlich’s work?

A 
Govt
-funded his research team 
Science and technology
-had improved medical understanding-made his work possible
Communication
-reading work of Koch and Pasteur
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9
Q

What work did Dr Hata do towards developing Salvarsan 606?

A

Joined research team
reviewed past experiments
–>Found they had discarded an effective compound (606th)
=MADE TO MAKE SALVARSAN 606

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10
Q

What factors lead to Hata’s discovery?

A

Earlier work of Erlich’s team

  • ->Science and technology
  • ->Communication
  • ->Govt
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11
Q

What is the name of the second magic bullet?

A

Prontosil

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12
Q

When was prontosil developed?

A

1932

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13
Q

What is prontosil a treatment for?

A

Blood posioning

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14
Q

Who developed prontosil?

A

Domagk

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15
Q

How was prontosil tested?

A

Domagk’s daughter was dying of BP
–>had to take chance
=WORKED

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16
Q

What is the key ingredient of prontosil?

What is the significance of this?

A

Sulphohamide

USed in the development of further drugs

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17
Q

What factors lead to the development of the second magic bullet?

A 
FIRST MAGIC BULLET
Science and technology
Chance
Individual genius (taking risk)
Communication
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18
Q

What was the impact of the developments of the first magic bullets?

A

FIRST CHEM DRUGS
Mass production of treatment of disease possible for first time

Pharmaceutical industry grew rapidly

Effective treatment for previously fatal diseases

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19
Q

Describe the events of Fleming discovering penicillin in 1928

A

Went on holiday w dirty lab
Came back: spore of mould from open window had landed on petri dish–>killed staphylococci bacteria

Used penicillin mould to treat colleague’s eye infection
–>effective but took too long to grow

Wrote journal: left research 1929

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20
Q

When did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

1928

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21
Q

What factors lead to Fleming’s discovery of penicllin in 1928?

A

Chance
-mould landing on dirty dishes

Individual genius
-recognised potential of mould

Govt-HELD BACK
-wouldn’t fund research due to war

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22
Q

Describe the events of Florey and Chain working to mass produce penicillin

A

1930s: read Fleming’s journal

£25 from B govt–>USA funded for 5 years
Tested penicillin on mice (needed 3000x more for human)
–>worked
FUNDED THEMSELVES

1941: enough to treat patient
–>police officer Albert Alexander
Was getting bteer but died when they ran out

1941: USA gov gave loans to companies to produce $80 mill
- ->Britain joined in

D-DAY 1944: 2.3 million doses used ]

After war:
USed as cure all for everyone

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23
Q

How many doses of penicillin were administered on D-DAY 1944?

A

2.3 million

24
Q

What were the factors in Florey and Chain getting penicllin mass produced?

A

Communication
-read F’s journal

Technology
-lack of prohibited mass production

Govt

  • first inhibited through lack of money (WAR)
  • then funded to produce

War

  • initially stunted due to lack of money for govt
  • need for penicillin resulted in mass production
25
Q

What was the limitation of Germ Theory?

A

Didn’t explain hereditary disease

e.g Downs Syndrome, Diabetes

26
Q

What work on DNA did Franklin do?

When?

A

Photographed it using x-ray

1951

27
Q

Who identified the structure of DNA and it’s nature of unzipping itself to replicate?

WHEN?

A

Crick and Watson

1953

28
Q

What prize did Crick and Watson win for their work identifying the structure of DNA?
WHEN?

A

Nobel prize

1962

29
Q

Which govts. funded the Human Genome Project?

A

Japan, US, UK, France and Canada

AND DRUG COMPANIES

30
Q

When was the Human Genome Project started?

A

1986

31
Q

What was the aim of the Human Genome Project?

Did they do this?

A

To map the entire structure of the human DNA

18 countries, 15 years:
Purpose of every gene in human body identified

32
Q

What’s the impact of identifying DNA and what is does?

A

Genetic screening
-test people who may carry genetic disorders

Gene therapy

  • developing currently
  • normal genes from donor placed into genes of person w genetic disease–>prevent them from suffering from disease
  • ->OR STEM CELLS
33
Q

When were the Liberal Social Reforms?

A

1906-1911

34
Q

What were the main acts of the LSR?

What do these entail?

A

Education Act
-school meals for poorest children

School Medical Service

Old Age Pensions Act
-married couples 70+ (not enough for necessities)

Back to Back Housing banned-new regulation

National Health Insurance ACt
-health and unemployment insurance 
(workr, employer and state all contributed)
Unemployment benefit 15 weeks
Free med care for wage earner

=INTRODUCTION OF WELFARE STATE

35
Q

What did the Liberal Social Reforms focus on?

A

Supporting the vulnerable

old,sick,young,unemployed

36
Q

Which two people lead to the Liberal Social Reforms?

A

Booth

Rowntree

37
Q

What did Booth do to lead to the LSR?

A

1889: Life and Labour of the People in London
–>35% in poverty
17 vol published

  • ->RECOMMENDED GREATER GOVT ACTION
  • esp old
38
Q

What did Rowntree do as a factor for the LSR?

A

1901 report: Poverty: A Study of Town Life

  • York
  • 25% in poverty

–>DISCUSSED IMPACT OF POVERTY ON HEALTH

39
Q

What was the impact of the work of Booth and Rowntree?

A

Shocked govt into action

  • small pension for 70+
  • National Health Insurance
40
Q

What did a report in 1941 show about the impact of the unemployment benefit?

A

50% less in poverty

41
Q

What was the factor of Germany in the increase in PH at the start of the 20th century?

What was the impact of this?

A

G was becoming serious threat- economic and political standing
–>already had a welfare state
Knew they were going to war
–>B was unprepared due to ill health

Had to make development due to competition
–>Couldnt afford to lose working days

42
Q

How was the Boer War a factor in the increase in pH in 1900?

A

1899-1902 (in South Africa)
33% of those volunteering weren’t fit to fight

=Embarrassing

  • ->clear govt couldnt rely on pop to fight
  • ->had to increase PH to be ready for ww2
43
Q

How was the right to vote a factor in increased PH at the start of the 20th century?

A

40% of men, 0% women
–>Govt was pressured to change to appeal to voters
(Labour party set up to represent workers)

44
Q

Why was the NHS set up?

A

Msot couldn’t afford health care
-only 50% covered by NHI

1930s=mass unemployment
–>people couldn’t afford insurance
1934=4 mill behind on payments

1928: vote for all
- ->govt had to support all

ww2: rationing=health=BAD
- ->pop had to recover

–>GOVT NEEDED CHANGE
bad for economy
needed to be ready for war
competition w germany

45
Q

When did the NHS initially offer?

A 
SERVICES FREE AT POINT OF DELIVERY:
Medicines and appliances
Dentists
Specialists
Hospital  care
Ambulances
Vaccinations
Maternity and child welfare
Health visiting
Health centres

NHS ALSO CONTROLS:
Teaching hospitals
Medical research

–>CHANGES AFTER (eg no dentist)

46
Q

What were reasons for opposition to the NHS?

A

Drs were afraid they’d lose their freedom
Unable to charge for treatment

Some believed sick were ill due to laziness
–>didn’t want poor helped

Fears that this would make people less likely to work

Didnt want to lose control

47
Q

What was the Beveridge report?

A

1942-Beveridge
Identified 5 areas for govt. to focus on after war
–>health=first

48
Q

What work did Bevan do?

A

Inspirational speeches to drs.
–>persuaded them to support
Compromised: allowed them to practise privately and charge

49
Q

Why was the NHS set up?

A

Good health necessary for war effort

Labour party promised to carry out Beveridge’s ideas if elected

Beveridge: disease as priority for govt to deal w after war

People wanted a better society and PH after ww2

govt became increasingly concerned w inequality

50
Q

What was the impact of the creation of the NHS?

A

TREATMENT
-all medical provisions covered
HUGE

TRAINING
Standardised training
HUGE

TECHNOLOGY
people had access to a wealth of new diagnostic methods and treatment
blood transfusions, x-rays, radiotherapy, CAT scans, pacemakers
HUGE

51
Q

What was training for medical professionals like before the NHS?

A

NO GOVT CONTROL/REGULATION
little specialisation
university-theory and practical training
Profs and Royal Colleges decide curriculum

52
Q

What is training for medical professionals like now?

A

GOVT REGULATES TO SAFEQUARD
university
lectures, books, practical on a ward
7 YEARS

training: decided by profs and Royal Colleges

keep up to date: reading journals etc

53
Q

When was the NHS set up?

A

1948

54
Q

Describe a hospital 1900-1948

A 
Local cottage hospitals
Specialist for mentally ill and infectious disease
Aspectic surgeries + dressing
Spacious, light, well ventilated wards
Good sanitation, toilets

PAID FOR OR RELIED ON CHARITIES

55
Q

Describe a hospital now

A

Specialist care
Divided specific into wards
Technology to diagnose and treat
Keeping patients safe from contracting superbugs

History-Medicine (5 decks)

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