1900-PRESENT Flashcards
Who developed the first magic bullet?
Behring
Erlich
Hata
When was the first magic bullet produced?
1909
What was the first magic bullet called?
Salvarsan 606
Describe Behring’s work on the development of Salvarsan 606
Isolated antitoxins used by body to fight diptheria
–>found a way to inject them to fight the disease
What are the factors contributing to Behring’s work?
Explain
Communication
-read about Koch’s work isolating specific disease causing microbes
Science and Technology
-new discoveries had improved medical understanding
Individual genius
Define magic bullets
Chemical drugs which kill only the disease, without affecting the person
Describe Erlich’s work on the first magic bullet
Tried to find a cure for syphilis
-Combining dyes and chems to kill only disease causing microbe
What factors lead to Erlich’s work?
Govt -funded his research team Science and technology -had improved medical understanding-made his work possible Communication -reading work of Koch and Pasteur
What work did Dr Hata do towards developing Salvarsan 606?
Joined research team
reviewed past experiments
–>Found they had discarded an effective compound (606th)
=MADE TO MAKE SALVARSAN 606
What factors lead to Hata’s discovery?
Earlier work of Erlich’s team
- ->Science and technology
- ->Communication
- ->Govt
What is the name of the second magic bullet?
Prontosil
When was prontosil developed?
1932
What is prontosil a treatment for?
Blood posioning
Who developed prontosil?
Domagk
How was prontosil tested?
Domagk’s daughter was dying of BP
–>had to take chance
=WORKED
What is the key ingredient of prontosil?
What is the significance of this?
Sulphohamide
USed in the development of further drugs
What factors lead to the development of the second magic bullet?
FIRST MAGIC BULLET Science and technology Chance Individual genius (taking risk) Communication
What was the impact of the developments of the first magic bullets?
FIRST CHEM DRUGS
Mass production of treatment of disease possible for first time
Pharmaceutical industry grew rapidly
Effective treatment for previously fatal diseases
Describe the events of Fleming discovering penicillin in 1928
Went on holiday w dirty lab
Came back: spore of mould from open window had landed on petri dish–>killed staphylococci bacteria
Used penicillin mould to treat colleague’s eye infection
–>effective but took too long to grow
Wrote journal: left research 1929
When did Fleming discover penicillin?
1928
What factors lead to Fleming’s discovery of penicllin in 1928?
Chance
-mould landing on dirty dishes
Individual genius
-recognised potential of mould
Govt-HELD BACK
-wouldn’t fund research due to war
Describe the events of Florey and Chain working to mass produce penicillin
1930s: read Fleming’s journal
£25 from B govt–>USA funded for 5 years
Tested penicillin on mice (needed 3000x more for human)
–>worked
FUNDED THEMSELVES
1941: enough to treat patient
–>police officer Albert Alexander
Was getting bteer but died when they ran out
1941: USA gov gave loans to companies to produce $80 mill
- ->Britain joined in
D-DAY 1944: 2.3 million doses used ]
After war:
USed as cure all for everyone
How many doses of penicillin were administered on D-DAY 1944?
2.3 million
What were the factors in Florey and Chain getting penicllin mass produced?
Communication
-read F’s journal
Technology
-lack of prohibited mass production
Govt
- first inhibited through lack of money (WAR)
- then funded to produce
War
- initially stunted due to lack of money for govt
- need for penicillin resulted in mass production
What was the limitation of Germ Theory?
Didn’t explain hereditary disease
e.g Downs Syndrome, Diabetes
What work on DNA did Franklin do?
When?
Photographed it using x-ray
1951
Who identified the structure of DNA and it’s nature of unzipping itself to replicate?
WHEN?
Crick and Watson
1953
What prize did Crick and Watson win for their work identifying the structure of DNA?
WHEN?
Nobel prize
1962
Which govts. funded the Human Genome Project?
Japan, US, UK, France and Canada
AND DRUG COMPANIES
When was the Human Genome Project started?
1986
What was the aim of the Human Genome Project?
Did they do this?
To map the entire structure of the human DNA
18 countries, 15 years:
Purpose of every gene in human body identified
What’s the impact of identifying DNA and what is does?
Genetic screening
-test people who may carry genetic disorders
Gene therapy
- developing currently
- normal genes from donor placed into genes of person w genetic disease–>prevent them from suffering from disease
- ->OR STEM CELLS
When were the Liberal Social Reforms?
1906-1911
What were the main acts of the LSR?
What do these entail?
Education Act
-school meals for poorest children
School Medical Service
Old Age Pensions Act
-married couples 70+ (not enough for necessities)
Back to Back Housing banned-new regulation
National Health Insurance ACt -health and unemployment insurance (workr, employer and state all contributed) Unemployment benefit 15 weeks Free med care for wage earner
=INTRODUCTION OF WELFARE STATE
What did the Liberal Social Reforms focus on?
Supporting the vulnerable
old,sick,young,unemployed
Which two people lead to the Liberal Social Reforms?
Booth
Rowntree
What did Booth do to lead to the LSR?
1889: Life and Labour of the People in London
–>35% in poverty
17 vol published
- ->RECOMMENDED GREATER GOVT ACTION
- esp old
What did Rowntree do as a factor for the LSR?
1901 report: Poverty: A Study of Town Life
- York
- 25% in poverty
–>DISCUSSED IMPACT OF POVERTY ON HEALTH
What was the impact of the work of Booth and Rowntree?
Shocked govt into action
- small pension for 70+
- National Health Insurance
What did a report in 1941 show about the impact of the unemployment benefit?
50% less in poverty
What was the factor of Germany in the increase in PH at the start of the 20th century?
What was the impact of this?
G was becoming serious threat- economic and political standing
–>already had a welfare state
Knew they were going to war
–>B was unprepared due to ill health
Had to make development due to competition
–>Couldnt afford to lose working days
How was the Boer War a factor in the increase in pH in 1900?
1899-1902 (in South Africa)
33% of those volunteering weren’t fit to fight
=Embarrassing
- ->clear govt couldnt rely on pop to fight
- ->had to increase PH to be ready for ww2
How was the right to vote a factor in increased PH at the start of the 20th century?
40% of men, 0% women
–>Govt was pressured to change to appeal to voters
(Labour party set up to represent workers)
Why was the NHS set up?
Msot couldn’t afford health care
-only 50% covered by NHI
1930s=mass unemployment
–>people couldn’t afford insurance
1934=4 mill behind on payments
1928: vote for all
- ->govt had to support all
ww2: rationing=health=BAD
- ->pop had to recover
–>GOVT NEEDED CHANGE
bad for economy
needed to be ready for war
competition w germany
When did the NHS initially offer?
SERVICES FREE AT POINT OF DELIVERY: Medicines and appliances Dentists Specialists Hospital care Ambulances Vaccinations Maternity and child welfare Health visiting Health centres
NHS ALSO CONTROLS:
Teaching hospitals
Medical research
–>CHANGES AFTER (eg no dentist)
What were reasons for opposition to the NHS?
Drs were afraid they’d lose their freedom
Unable to charge for treatment
Some believed sick were ill due to laziness
–>didn’t want poor helped
Fears that this would make people less likely to work
Didnt want to lose control
What was the Beveridge report?
1942-Beveridge
Identified 5 areas for govt. to focus on after war
–>health=first
What work did Bevan do?
Inspirational speeches to drs.
–>persuaded them to support
Compromised: allowed them to practise privately and charge
Why was the NHS set up?
Good health necessary for war effort
Labour party promised to carry out Beveridge’s ideas if elected
Beveridge: disease as priority for govt to deal w after war
People wanted a better society and PH after ww2
govt became increasingly concerned w inequality
What was the impact of the creation of the NHS?
TREATMENT
-all medical provisions covered
HUGE
TRAINING
Standardised training
HUGE
TECHNOLOGY
people had access to a wealth of new diagnostic methods and treatment
blood transfusions, x-rays, radiotherapy, CAT scans, pacemakers
HUGE
What was training for medical professionals like before the NHS?
NO GOVT CONTROL/REGULATION
little specialisation
university-theory and practical training
Profs and Royal Colleges decide curriculum
What is training for medical professionals like now?
GOVT REGULATES TO SAFEQUARD
university
lectures, books, practical on a ward
7 YEARS
training: decided by profs and Royal Colleges
keep up to date: reading journals etc
When was the NHS set up?
1948
Describe a hospital 1900-1948
Local cottage hospitals Specialist for mentally ill and infectious disease Aspectic surgeries + dressing Spacious, light, well ventilated wards Good sanitation, toilets
PAID FOR OR RELIED ON CHARITIES
Describe a hospital now
Specialist care
Divided specific into wards
Technology to diagnose and treat
Keeping patients safe from contracting superbugs
