1350-1750 Flashcards
Describe PH at the end of the Renaissance period
Streets sloped to central drain -cobbled or paved Homes burnt coal Rakers Households told to sweep outside their house everyday Water from conduits, barrels and water carriers Wells dug but close to cesspits Rich=water from reservoir Stagnant water Some public toilets Accepted to go in street corners Night Soil Men -many couldn't afford Waste dropped in streets Rubbish left in open spaces -(despite rakers and regular collections)
How did PH in 1700 compare to that of 1300?
Continuity with small improvements
- installation of cobbled and paved streets
- installation of central drain
- primitave water system built incities for rich
- stagnant water still
- more public toilets
- introduction of night soil men for some
- encouraged to get rid of rubbish
Date the Great Plague
1665
How many died in the Great Plague?
100000
(1/5)
Focused- mainly in London (spread as wealthy fled)
How well was the Great Plague responded to in terms of increased ph measures?
well
Give the scientific name for the great plague
How was this different to the black death?
Pheunomic plague
Coughs and sneezes instead of buboes
State the extra PH measures the Lord Mayor of London put in place in response to the Great Plague
Plague searchers found victims
Quarantined by blocking off houses (x-lord have mercy on us)
–>Food delivery daily-only open at night
Watchman monitored houses
Buried dead (6 feet) No funerals
Streets cleaned daily
Killed dogs, hogs, cats
Burning barrels of tar
Shooting guns into air
Describe methods of treatment in the Renaissance
CONTINUITY FROM MA Blood letting Purging Herbal remedies Prayer
NEW:
King’s touch
(only wealthy-linked to divine right of kings)
What were accepted causes of disease 1350-1750?
CONTINUITY FROM MA
4 humours
God
Evil spirits
What changed in the Renaissance period despite continuation in cause and treatment of disease?
GALEN’S IDEAS FINALLY CHALLENGED
Why were Galen’s ideas finally challenged in the Renaissance period?
Reformation 1500
- Church lost influence
- ->finally free to challenge word of the church
When was the Royal Society formed?
1660
How was the formation of the Royal Society progress?
Allowed collaboration
- experimenting
- sharing ideas
When was the printing press invented?
1450
How did the invention of the printing press lead to progress?
Books were produced and shared quickly
–>knowledge and reesearch spread
Who did Vesalius dissect?
Why was this allowed?
Bodies of criminals
Didn’t need body–>going to Hell
Describe the work of Vesalius
Corrrected Galen’s mistakes through human dissection
-EG lower jabone in 1 part, no holes in septem
Public dissections to generate public interest
Wrote the ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ with drawings by Titian-1543
When did Vesalius write The Fabric of the Human Body?
1543
What was the impact of Vesalius’ work?
Church influence of training declined
Anatomy mistakes rectified
Basis of biology textbooks for hundreds of years
Depper understanding of anatomy BUT NOT DISEASE
What were accepted ideas about the blood before Harvey?
Blood constantly made in liver
Heart consumed blood
Veins carried blood and air through the body
Blood passed from one side of heart to another through visible holes in the septum
What was the work of Harvey?
Proved Galen wrong:
Heart=pump
No holes in septum
Proved body had a one way system for blood
Veins carried only blood
Calculated amount of blood going into arteries=3x weight of a man
–>same blood pumped around
Published ‘AN ANATOMICAL ACCOUNT OF THE MOTION OF THE HEART AND BLOOD’ 1628
When did Harvey release his book ‘An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood’?
1628
How did Harvey prove Galen wrong?
Dissected live cold blooded animals to track movement of muscles in heart
Witnessed beating heart of Lord’s son through broken ribcage
Dissected human boies
-understand structure of heart
Tried to pump water through values but failed=one way system
What were the factors contributing to Harvey’s work?
Individual Genius -thorough, repeated experiments -good education Science and Technology -used modern methods -inspired by new water pump -printing press allowed publication Communication -read work of others -->studied European ideas Nature of the Renaissance -free to open old ideas
What was the impact of Harvey’s work?
Discovery laid groundwork for future investigation of physiology
Understanding natue of blood is crucial to many aspects of medicine (eg surgery)
Indicated importance of dissection and experiments
Destroyed basis for blood letting
When was the first microscope developed?
1590
When were ‘animacules’ first viewed under a microscope?
1673
What was the impact of the microscope being invented?
Allowed detailed research
Why was medical treatment held back during the Renaissance?
The church controlled education and medical training
Galens work used as basis for education
The church discouraged dissection
Most minor illnesses/injuries were treated by women within the family
Many felt better after purging/blood letting
Most couldnt afford to go to a trained physician
Some herbal remedies worked
People were reluctant to change what they believed
May believed in the supernatural
What progressed medical treatment in the Renaissance?
Microscope invented-animacules identified
Printing press invented
Universities and medical schools founded
Harvey proved the body was like a machine
Vesalius mapped out the anatomy of the body
Who were the main healers in the Renaissance?
Wise woman
-cared for family (passed down-herbal remedies)
Wealthy women
-provided care for local families
Trained physician
-trained at uni-passed exams
Apothecary
-mixes remedies for physician-no qualifications but trained
Quack
-no training
Describe the training of a trained physician in 1500
Practical training in hosps Dissection -lack of body Emphasise on experimenting to test treatment (Edinburgh uni-Harvey school)
WOMEN NOT ALLOWED
What were hospitals in the Renaissance like?
Many closed after reformation -->town council or charity Many didn't accept those w infectious diseases Kept clean, food, kept warm Simple surgeries Pray for recovery Sick: bled and given herbs
