1750-1900 Flashcards
What was PH like at the beginning of the Industrial period?
Poor conditions -overcrowding -waste in streets -child labour -manual labour LE higher in country
What were the 5 killer diseases of the 19th century?
Cholera Diptheria TB Typhoid Smallpox
How is cholera contracted?
What are the symptoms?
What is the DR of those who got it?
Spread through bacteria passing through food and water contaminated w sewage
Sickness
Diarrhoea
-sufferer died often w/in 24 hours from dehydration
2/3
How is diptheria contracted?
What are the symptoms?
What is the DR of those who got it?
Droplets of water from infected person
–>from coughing/sneezing
Bleeding
~paralysis
Suffocation from blocked throat
1/10
How is TB contracted?
What are the symptoms?
What is the DR of those who got it?
Droplets of water
–>Coughing + sneezing
Coughing
Bringing up blood
Chest pains
Severe weight loss
1/2
How is TYPHOID contracted?
What are the symptoms?
What is the DR of those who got it?
Bacteria
–>passed on by food/water contaminated by sewage
OR
Food infected by flies
Headaches
(fever, constipation)
Severe diarrhoea
1/3
(esp young, old, malnoruished)
How is smallpox contracted?
What are the symptoms?
What is the DR of those who got it?
Touch
droplets-> sneezing and coughing
Rash–>Blisters w pus–>fall off–>leave deep scars
1/3
What was the only method of prevention in the 18th century?
Inoculation
What is inoculation from smallpox?
Spreading pus into open wound
–>Caused mild dose that caused immunity
WOULDNT ALWAYS WORK
Who was the first person to promote inoculation methods in Britain?
Lady Mary Wortley Montague
When did Lady Montague bring inoculation over from Turkey?
1721
What was the issue with inoculation?
Some died or became carriers of the disease
–>unreliable
What theory did Jenner test in 1796?
That those infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox
When did Jenner test his theory?
1796
Who did Jenner vaccinate first?
James Phipps
How many people did Jenner vaccinate after Phipps to check his findings?
23
When did Jenner publish his works?
Why did he do this himself?
1798
Royal Society refused to
When did the British finally support Jenner’s work?
1802
(£10,000)
–>1807
(£20,000)
When was the Jennerian Society set up to provide free vaccinations?
How many people had they vaccinated within 2 years?
1802
12,000
When did the govt make smallpox vaccinations compulsory?
When was this enforced?
1852
1872
When was it declared that smallpox had been eradicated?
1980
Why did many people initially oppose Jenner’s vaccination?
He couldn’t explain why it worked
He couldn’t apply the method to any other diseases
Drs. made money from inoculations
Unbelievable that a disease from cows could protect humans
Jenner was a country dr. (establishment underestimated him)
Some died (wrong methods)
What are the arguments that Jenner’s vaccination was significant?
Eradicated smallpox (mass killer)
Showed the possibility of vaccinations
Smallpox vaccination worked better than inoculations
What are the arguments that Jenner’s vaccination was insignificant?
Couldn’t apply to other diseases (couldnt explain link)
Vaccinations weren’t initially compulsory
Short term=limited govt support