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History-Medicine > 1750-1900 > Flashcards

1750-1900 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was PH like at the beginning of the Industrial period?

A 
Poor conditions
-overcrowding
-waste in streets
-child labour
-manual labour
LE higher in country
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2
Q

What were the 5 killer diseases of the 19th century?

A 
Cholera
Diptheria
TB
Typhoid
Smallpox
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3
Q

How is cholera contracted?

What are the symptoms?

What is the DR of those who got it?

A

Spread through bacteria passing through food and water contaminated w sewage

Sickness
Diarrhoea
-sufferer died often w/in 24 hours from dehydration

2/3

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4
Q

How is diptheria contracted?

What are the symptoms?

What is the DR of those who got it?

A

Droplets of water from infected person
–>from coughing/sneezing

Bleeding
~paralysis
Suffocation from blocked throat

1/10

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5
Q

How is TB contracted?

What are the symptoms?

What is the DR of those who got it?

A

Droplets of water
–>Coughing + sneezing

Coughing
Bringing up blood
Chest pains
Severe weight loss

1/2

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6
Q

How is TYPHOID contracted?

What are the symptoms?

What is the DR of those who got it?

A

Bacteria
–>passed on by food/water contaminated by sewage
OR
Food infected by flies

Headaches
(fever, constipation)
Severe diarrhoea

1/3
(esp young, old, malnoruished)

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7
Q

How is smallpox contracted?

What are the symptoms?

What is the DR of those who got it?

A

Touch
droplets-> sneezing and coughing

Rash–>Blisters w pus–>fall off–>leave deep scars

1/3

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8
Q

What was the only method of prevention in the 18th century?

A

Inoculation

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9
Q

What is inoculation from smallpox?

A

Spreading pus into open wound
–>Caused mild dose that caused immunity

WOULDNT ALWAYS WORK

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10
Q

Who was the first person to promote inoculation methods in Britain?

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montague

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11
Q

When did Lady Montague bring inoculation over from Turkey?

A

1721

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12
Q

What was the issue with inoculation?

A

Some died or became carriers of the disease

–>unreliable

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13
Q

What theory did Jenner test in 1796?

A

That those infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox

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14
Q

When did Jenner test his theory?

A

1796

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15
Q

Who did Jenner vaccinate first?

A

James Phipps

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16
Q

How many people did Jenner vaccinate after Phipps to check his findings?

A

23

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17
Q

When did Jenner publish his works?

Why did he do this himself?

A

1798

Royal Society refused to

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18
Q

When did the British finally support Jenner’s work?

A

1802
(£10,000)
–>1807
(£20,000)

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19
Q

When was the Jennerian Society set up to provide free vaccinations?

How many people had they vaccinated within 2 years?

A

1802

12,000

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20
Q

When did the govt make smallpox vaccinations compulsory?

When was this enforced?

A

1852

1872

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21
Q

When was it declared that smallpox had been eradicated?

A

1980

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22
Q

Why did many people initially oppose Jenner’s vaccination?

A

He couldn’t explain why it worked
He couldn’t apply the method to any other diseases
Drs. made money from inoculations
Unbelievable that a disease from cows could protect humans
Jenner was a country dr. (establishment underestimated him)
Some died (wrong methods)

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23
Q

What are the arguments that Jenner’s vaccination was significant?

A

Eradicated smallpox (mass killer)
Showed the possibility of vaccinations
Smallpox vaccination worked better than inoculations

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24
Q

What are the arguments that Jenner’s vaccination was insignificant?

A

Couldn’t apply to other diseases (couldnt explain link)
Vaccinations weren’t initially compulsory
Short term=limited govt support

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25
Q

What theme does Jenner’s work fall under?

A

Prevention of disease+PH

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26
Q

What were the conditions in hospitals like pre 1584?

A 
Dependant on money
Basic food+bed
Run  by charity (religious)
Nurses=untrained
Drs=limited 
All patients treated together
APPALLING CONDITIONS
-->Overcrowded
-->Lack of sanitation
-->HIGH DR
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27
Q

What did Nightingale do in terms of reforming hospital conditions?

Where?
When?

A

Improved meals
Ventilation
Lots of light
Spaced patients out

PUBLISHED NOTES ON HOSPITALS (1859)

Scutari (CRIMEAN WAR)
1854

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28
Q

What did Nightingale do to establish nursing as a profession?

When?

A

Created first nursing school (st thomas’ hospital)
1860

Published Notes on Nursing
1859

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29
Q

What was the impact of Nightingale?

A

Lowered DR in Scutari (50%)
Nursing became a respected profession
Hospitals reformed

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30
Q

What are positive events in terms of nursing and hospital reforms that could be argued to not be a result of Nightingale’s work 1750-1900?

A

Nursing:
Seacole also took active role in Crimeria

Hospitals:
PH improved

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31
Q

How many trained nurses were there in Britain in 1901?

A

68,000

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32
Q

What were hospitals like 1854-1948?

A 
Ventilation
Beds spaced apart
Routine cleaning
Standardised training for nurses
Organisation of medicine
Food+Water
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33
Q

What were beliefs surrounding cause of disease 1750-1861?

A

Fading beliefs surrounding supernatural and religion

Miasma
(bad smells caused disease)

Spontaneous Generation
(disease causing MOs spontaneously generated from the process of decay
Flies appeared at site of decay–>not attracted to)

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34
Q

Why was spontaneous generation a believed cause of disease 1800-1861?

A

FACTOR–>TECHNOLOGY
1800s=Lister developed powerful microscope
–>scientists found and studied ‘ANIMALCULES’

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35
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover and publish in 1861?

A 
GERM THEORY
-->worked to discover why wine went sour
Microscope: found GERMS
Pasteurisation: heat and germs died
-->GERMS CAUSE DISEASE IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS
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36
Q

When did Pasteur prove germ theory?

A

1864

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37
Q

What are the factors contributing to Pasteur’s discovery of germ theory?

A

Technology

Individual genius

38
Q

What was Koch’s initial work leading on from studying germ theory?

A

Studied bacteria in agar jelly
Developed way of staining specific bacteria
–>Discovered specific pathogens that cause specific diseases (CAT)

39
Q

Which are the three main diseases that Koch identified the bacteria causing?

A

Cholera
Anthrax
TB

40
Q

What work did Pasteur do in response to Koch’s work?

when?

A

Developed vaccinations for:
Chicken cholera
Anthrax
Rabies

1879

41
Q

Why was there a rivalry between Pasteur and Koch?

A

WAR

  • ->France and Germany had a bitter rivalry following war
  • ->Govts. supported the work
42
Q

What were the factors encouraging Pasteur’s work?

A

Technology (microscopes)
Individual genius
War (rivalry between F+G)
Communication (read about Kochs work and Jenner’s vaccination)

43
Q

What were the factors encouraging Koch’s work?

A

Technology (microscope)
Individual genius
War (rivalry between F+G)
Communication (read about germ theory)

44
Q

What is the name of the prestigious medical journal?

A

The Lancet

45
Q

Describe the attitude of the Government during the early part of the Industrail period

A

Laissez Faire

46
Q

Define Laissez Faire

A

The government left the population alone to do what they wanted in relation to health

47
Q

What was the public health situation at the start of the industrial period?

A 
Lots of houses built cheaply and quickly w no regulations
Overcrowding
Child labour
High infant mortality rate
Stagnant water
48
Q

What major PH event took place in 1848?

A

First ever national law regarding PH

–>1948 PH act

49
Q

State the main terms of the 1848 PH Act

A
  • National Board of Health to be set up
  • Govt could force local councils to make improvements and appoint a medical officer in towns w high DRs
  • Local councils could collect rates for improvements if they had the support of local ratepayers
  • Councils were allowed to appoint Medical Officers of Health to oversee PH in local areas
50
Q

What was the issue with the 1948 PH Act?

A

It wasn’t compulsory/enforced

-

51
Q

State the major terms of the 1875 PH Act

A
  • Compulsory to appoint medical officers and sanitary inspectors to inspect health facilities
  • Compulsory for local councils to improve sewers & drainage–>Provide fresh water
  • Other laws implicated housing regulations and stopped pollution of rivers
52
Q

Why was the 1875 PH Act so groundbreaking?

A

Finally compulsory for local councils to ensure basic living standards across the country

53
Q

Why did the 1875 PH Act make sanitary conditions compulsory?

A

GT proved in 1864–> Conclusive evidence between disease and lack of good conditions

54
Q

Date the major cholera outbreaks

A

1831-132

Sporadic through 1850-1870

55
Q

Describe the work of Chadwick

A

Report ‘The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population’ 1842
–>collected statistics on the link between poor conditions of the poor and high DR

56
Q

What was the impact of Chadwick’s work?

A

INCREASED GOVT ACTION-PH
-1848 PH ACT
HIGHER LIFE EXPECTANCY

57
Q

When did Chadwick release The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population

A

1842

58
Q

What was the name of Chadwick’s report which contributed to an increase in govt action regarding PH?

A

The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population

59
Q

What work did John Snow do regarding PH in the industrial period?

A 
1854:
Worked against cholera outbreak 1854
Mapped out deaths around Broad Street
-->tracked back to a single water pump
-->TOOK PUMP AWAY 
=Deaths reduced

Released ‘On the Mode of Communication of Chloera’

Made link between cholera and water–>NOT MIASMA
-Didnt have GT to prove-little impact in st

60
Q

What was the short term impact of John Snow’s work during a cholera epidemic in 1854?

A

Reduced deaths by taking away source of bad water

61
Q

What was the long term impact of Snow’s link between cholera and bad water?

A

After GT: Had proven true cause of a leading killer of the period

62
Q

What was the Great Stink?

A

Sewage problems with the Thames caused a smell so bad parliament had to momentarily move
1858

63
Q

When was the Great Stink?

A

1858

64
Q

What was the impact of the Great Stink?

A

Showed that something had to be done to control water
–>Affected even those in power

Sewage system built but had no way to control PH across country

65
Q

Describe the work of Bazalgette surrounding PH in London in the industrial period

A

Fought for improvements of London sewers

-1852

66
Q

When did Bazalgette fight for improvements in London’s sewer systems?

A

1852

67
Q

Why did Bazalgette fight for improvements in London’s sewer systems?

A

He believed in miasma

–>bad smells had to be washed out

68
Q

What was the main focus of the 1866 Sanitary Act?

A

Authorities were responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning

69
Q

Date the Sanitary Act that made authorities responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning

A

1866

70
Q

What was the focus of the Factory Act 1864?

A

Factories had to have a basic standard of hygiene

71
Q

Date the Factory Act that emphasised the lawful requirement for factories to have a basic level of hygiene

A

1864

72
Q

Why did the govt. get rid of their Laissez-Faire attitude and increase involvement in PH in the 19th century?

A 
Increased voting rights 1867/1884
-had to widen their focus
Chadwick's report 
-indicated need for change
Great Stink 1858
-highlighted dire conditions
Germ Theory 1861/1864
-proved bad effect of bad conditions
73
Q

Why had PH not improved until the 19th century?

A

Refusal to pay for improvements
Selfishness of the rich
Had been used to LF
Didn’t know it was causing ill health

74
Q

State the areas of medicine on which GT had a large impact

A 
Public Health
Life Expectancy
Training of Drs. and Nurses
Hopsital reforms
Increased investment in scientific research
Antiseptic surgery
Vaccinations
75
Q

Describe the impact Gt had on PH

A

Clearly linked disease to poor living conditions
-proven in 1864 ended any controversy surrounding improving

–»>PH ACT 1875=COMPULSORY TO CONFORM

76
Q

Describe the impact of Gt on hospital reforms

A

Added weight to existing reforms (Nightingale)
-proved necessity of clean conditions

–>HOPS HAD INCREASED FOCUS ON IMPROVING CONDITIONS

77
Q

How did GT lead to increased investment into science?

A

Shown importance of scientific understanding on every day lives
–>increase in LE

–>GOVT INVESTED MORE ON TRAINING< EQUIPMENT AND FUNDING RESEARCH

78
Q

What was the impact of GT on avergae life expectancy?

A

=First significant long term increase in history

from 45 to 70

79
Q

How did GT have an impact on vaccinations?

A

Knowing the true cause of disease allowed scientists to create vaccinations with weak forms of this

80
Q

Name the areas of medicine that Koch’s work had an impact on

A

Vaccinations

Antibiotic Medicine

Magic Bullets

81
Q

How did Koch’s work have an impact on the development of vaccinations?

A

Knowing exactly what microbes were causing disease allowed scientists to target these directly, weakening them to form vaccinations

82
Q

How did Koch’s work allow the development of antibiotic medicine?

A

-Use one microbe to kill another that’s causing disease

83
Q

Describe how Koch’s work lead to the production of magic bullets

A

General: knowing cause of disease allowed scientists to search effectively for treatements

  • ->used methods of dyeing microbes
  • ->
84
Q

When were women accepted as doctors?

A

1876

85
Q

When did it become compulsory for qualfied doctors to be registered?

What organisation was formed as part of this?

A

1858

General Medical COuncil

86
Q

When were exams for doctors introduced?

What organisation did this?

A

1815

The Society of Apothecaries and Royal College of Surgeons

87
Q

Describe the training of a doctor 1750-1900

A

Trained at university

  • lectures
  • reading
  • practical training on wards
  • dissections
  • observation
  • ->not reliant on historical knowledge

NOT GOVT REGULATED

88
Q

Who decided the curriculum of training doctors in the industrial period?

A

Professors at university

89
Q

State and give a brief description of the 6 types of healers during the industrial period

A

Wise women in family
-relied less on family knowledge and more on apothecaries

Nurses
-hired by rich
-training varied
Pharmaceutical Companies
-people encouraged to open shops and produce their own branded medicine

Trained Drs

  • only afforded by rich
  • 1815: took exams

GPs

  • cared for working class
  • still fee ‘sick clubs’

Quacks
-healers w no training

90
Q

Describe a post Nightingale hospital

A 
Good supplies
clothing, washing facilities
Trained nurses
Ventilation
Light
Sanitation
clean water, drains and sewers, toilets

History-Medicine (5 decks)

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