1848 EVIDENCE Flashcards
The Communist Manifesto presents an analytical approach to the class […]
struggle
It details the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of […]
production
Class conflict can take many different forms. Some examples are: 1. Direct violence, such as [...] 2. Indirect violence, such as deaths from [...] 3. Coercion, such as the threat of [...] 4. It can also be [...]
- Wars fought for resources / cheap labour
- Poverty, starvation, illness
- Losing a job
- Ideological (academic)
Sergei Witte (1849 - 1915), was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive what in Russia?
Industrialisation in the cities (and industrial projects like the Trans-Siberian railway)
Witte pushed who towards reforms?
Tsar Nicholas II
Most notably, Witte was the author of the what in 1905?
The October Manifesto
The basic unit of Russian currency is?
The Rouble
Witte put the Rouble on…
The gold standard
via the royal decree “On the minting and issuance of gold coins”
Witte’s reforms created trust from overseas investors, but also created what in Russian cities?
Over-crowding
and therefore a oppressed / suppressed “proletariat”
The Russian Imperial Census of 1897 was the what and what census carried out in the Russian Empire?
first and only
next one was not until 1926
Russian society is often depicted as a feudal […]
Pyramid
the upper classes propped up by the labour of the working masses
Lower classes were kept in check with what three things?
Endless work
Religion
The treat of violence
According to historian Michael Lynch, the 1897 census categorised the population of Russia into four broad class groups. These were?
Upper
Middle
Working
Peasants
Nicholas was out of touch with […]
his people
Very early in his reign he resolved to follow his dead father in upholding and reinforcing […]
the autocratic monarchy
strict penalties for rebellion of any kind
Nicholas promised reform but did so with no […]
sincerity
What evidence do we have of Nicholas being imperialist?
The Trans-Siberian railway and expansionist aims / the Russo-Japanese War
In the 1897 census, the Upper Class was what percentage of the population?
12.5%
According to Lynch, the Upper Class included groups such as? (give one)
Royalty, nobility, the higher clergy
In the 1897 census, the Middle Class was what percentage of the population?
1.5%
According to Lynch, the Middle Class included groups such as? (give one)
Merchants, bureaucrats, professionals
In the 1897 census, the Working Class were what percentage of the population?
4%
According to Lynch, the Working Class included what sort of groups? (give one)
Factory workers, artisans, soldiers, sailors
In the 1897 census, the Peasant Class was what percentage of the population?
82%
According to Lynch, the Peasant Class included what sort of groups? (give one)
Landed and landless farmers
Countries that different Russification? (name one, BULP)
Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland (BULP)
The construction of new factories drew thousands of landless peasants into the cities in search of work. In time they formed a rising social class: the […]
industrial proletariat
Russia’s cities were not equipped for rapid urban growth. Industrial employers had to house workers in ramshackle […]
dormitories and tenements
most lived in unhygienic and often freezing conditions
This new working class (exploited, poorly treated, clustered together in large numbers) were susceptible to what?
Revolutionary ideas
and yes, illness
In late 1904, who became an instrumental figure in unrest at what steel plant in St Petersburg?
Father Georgy Gapon at Putilov Steel Works
workers went on strike
The Russian Social Democratic Party (SDs) formed in 1898 in Minsk. The SD program was based on the theories of […]
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
that, despite Russia’s agrarian nature, the true revolutionary potential lay withy the industrial working class
In 1902 Lenin published […]
What is to be Done?
outlining his view of the party’s task and methodology - i.e. to form “the vanguard of the proletariat”
Lenin advocated what sort of party?
A disciplined, centralised party of committed activities
a sort of strike team
The SDs split in 1903 into Majority and Minirity […]
factions
The Majority (Bolshevik) faction was led by […]
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by his pseudonym - Vladimir Lenin
The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) were led by […]
Victor Chernov
The party’s (SRs) ideology was revolutionary socialism, with a focus on […]
agrarian socialist reform
In other works, where the SDs focused on the proletariat, the SRs focused on the […]
peasants
à la Mao - sort of
The party’s (SRs) program garnered much support amongst Russia’s rural peasantry, who, in particular, supported he party’s program of land […]
As opposed to the Bolshevik program of land […]
socialisation
(i.e. division of land to peasant tenants)
nationalisation
(i.e. collectivisation in state management)
The SDs were not officially […]
Marxist
(because they believed the proletariat would be the “vanguard”, but with the peasantry forming the “main body” of the revolutionary army)
