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History > 1848 EVIDENCE > Flashcards

1848 EVIDENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

The Communist Manifesto presents an analytical approach to the class […]

A

struggle

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2
Q

It details the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of […]

A

production

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3
Q 
Class conflict can take many different forms. Some examples are:
1. Direct violence, such as 
[...]
2. Indirect violence, such as deaths from
[...]
3. Coercion, such as the threat of 
[...] 
4. It can also be 
[...]
A
  1. Wars fought for resources / cheap labour
  2. Poverty, starvation, illness
  3. Losing a job
  4. Ideological (academic)
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4
Q

Sergei Witte (1849 - 1915), was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive what in Russia?

A

Industrialisation in the cities (and industrial projects like the Trans-Siberian railway)

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5
Q

Witte pushed who towards reforms?

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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6
Q

Most notably, Witte was the author of the what in 1905?

A

The October Manifesto

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7
Q

The basic unit of Russian currency is?

A

The Rouble

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8
Q

Witte put the Rouble on…

A

The gold standard

via the royal decree “On the minting and issuance of gold coins”

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9
Q

Witte’s reforms created trust from overseas investors, but also created what in Russian cities?

A

Over-crowding

and therefore a oppressed / suppressed “proletariat”

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10
Q

The Russian Imperial Census of 1897 was the what and what census carried out in the Russian Empire?

A

first and only

next one was not until 1926

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11
Q

Russian society is often depicted as a feudal […]

A

Pyramid

the upper classes propped up by the labour of the working masses

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12
Q

Lower classes were kept in check with what three things?

A

Endless work

Religion

The treat of violence

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13
Q

According to historian Michael Lynch, the 1897 census categorised the population of Russia into four broad class groups. These were?

A

Upper

Middle

Working

Peasants

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14
Q

Nicholas was out of touch with […]

A

his people

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15
Q

Very early in his reign he resolved to follow his dead father in upholding and reinforcing […]

A

the autocratic monarchy

strict penalties for rebellion of any kind

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16
Q

Nicholas promised reform but did so with no […]

A

sincerity

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17
Q

What evidence do we have of Nicholas being imperialist?

A

The Trans-Siberian railway and expansionist aims / the Russo-Japanese War

18
Q

In the 1897 census, the Upper Class was what percentage of the population?

A

12.5%

19
Q

According to Lynch, the Upper Class included groups such as? (give one)

A

Royalty, nobility, the higher clergy

20
Q

In the 1897 census, the Middle Class was what percentage of the population?

A

1.5%

21
Q

According to Lynch, the Middle Class included groups such as? (give one)

A

Merchants, bureaucrats, professionals

22
Q

In the 1897 census, the Working Class were what percentage of the population?

A

4%

23
Q

According to Lynch, the Working Class included what sort of groups? (give one)

A

Factory workers, artisans, soldiers, sailors

24
Q

In the 1897 census, the Peasant Class was what percentage of the population?

A

82%

25
Q

According to Lynch, the Peasant Class included what sort of groups? (give one)

A

Landed and landless farmers

26
Q

Countries that different Russification? (name one, BULP)

A

Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland (BULP)

27
Q

The construction of new factories drew thousands of landless peasants into the cities in search of work. In time they formed a rising social class: the […]

A

industrial proletariat

28
Q

Russia’s cities were not equipped for rapid urban growth. Industrial employers had to house workers in ramshackle […]

A

dormitories and tenements

most lived in unhygienic and often freezing conditions

29
Q

This new working class (exploited, poorly treated, clustered together in large numbers) were susceptible to what?

A

Revolutionary ideas

and yes, illness

30
Q

In late 1904, who became an instrumental figure in unrest at what steel plant in St Petersburg?

A

Father Georgy Gapon at Putilov Steel Works

workers went on strike

31
Q

The Russian Social Democratic Party (SDs) formed in 1898 in Minsk. The SD program was based on the theories of […]

A

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

that, despite Russia’s agrarian nature, the true revolutionary potential lay withy the industrial working class

32
Q

In 1902 Lenin published […]

A

What is to be Done?

outlining his view of the party’s task and methodology - i.e. to form “the vanguard of the proletariat”

33
Q

Lenin advocated what sort of party?

A

A disciplined, centralised party of committed activities

a sort of strike team

34
Q

The SDs split in 1903 into Majority and Minirity […]

A

factions

35
Q

The Majority (Bolshevik) faction was led by […]

A

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by his pseudonym - Vladimir Lenin

36
Q

The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) were led by […]

A

Victor Chernov

37
Q

The party’s (SRs) ideology was revolutionary socialism, with a focus on […]

A

agrarian socialist reform

38
Q

In other works, where the SDs focused on the proletariat, the SRs focused on the […]

A

peasants

à la Mao - sort of

39
Q

The party’s (SRs) program garnered much support amongst Russia’s rural peasantry, who, in particular, supported he party’s program of land […]

As opposed to the Bolshevik program of land […]

A

socialisation
(i.e. division of land to peasant tenants)

nationalisation
(i.e. collectivisation in state management)

40
Q

The SDs were not officially […]

A

Marxist
(because they believed the proletariat would be the “vanguard”, but with the peasantry forming the “main body” of the revolutionary army)

History (10 decks)

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