1830's - Sheet1 Flashcards
Webster-Hayne debate
A heated 1830 Senate debate between Sen. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Sen. Robert Hayne of South Carolina concerning the question of states rights vs. federal authority on the topic of protectionist tariffs.
The Book of Mormon
Published by Joseph Smith, Jr. in 1830, it is the foundation of Mormon beliefs. America-centric belief system.
Latter Day Saint movement
A series of independent church groups that can trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement started by Joseph Smith, Jr. during the Second Great Awakening in the 1820s.
Indian Removal Act
A law signed by Pres. Jackson in 1830 calling for the relocation of Native Tribes to land West of the Mississippi Territory, protested by missionaries.
Jeremiah Evarts
A Christian missionary strongly opposed to the Indian Removal Act.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
A treaty signed between the Choctaw and the U.S. government in 1830, after the Indian Removal Act, which ceded millions of acres of land in Mississippi in exchange for land in Oklahoma.
The Liberator
An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison, 1831–1865. It’s harsh, critical tone led to southern states attempting to outlaw its publication and arrest distributors.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
(1831) The Supreme Court ruled that they do not have the authority to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, as the Cherokee have a relationship to the United States like that of “a ward to its guardian.”
Millerism
Part of the Second Great Awakening, Millerites were the followers of William Miller who predicted the second coming of Christ.
Nat Turner
An African-American slave who was hanged for plotting the most deadly slave revolt in American history in the state of Virginia in 1831. In the aftermath, Southern states forbid the education of free blacks, restricted rights of assembly, to bear arms, to vote, and required white ministers to be present at black worship services.
Worcester v. Georgia
(1832) The Supreme Court found that states have no jurisdiction in Indian Country.
Black Hawk War
A brief 1832 conflict caused by a peaceful migration of Native Americans into Illinois. Numerous Native Americans were killed in this war which was fought by the U.S. Army.
1832 Democratic National Convention
The first nominating convention of the Democratic Party, Martin Van Buren was chosen to replace John C. Calhoun as Andrew Jackson’s running mate.
Petticoat affair
Peggy Eaton, wife of Secretary of War John Henry Eaton, was blacklisted by the wives of members of Jackson’s cabinet due to her reputation as a hussy. Jackson demanded that their wives either be more friendly to Peggy Eaton or they resign, all members of his cabinet and his Vice President John C. Calhoun resign in 1831 and Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet” is formed.
Kitchen Cabinet
The unofficial advisors of President Jackson formed after his break with his official cabinet after the Petticoat affair.
Second Bank of the United States charter
A charter to renew the Second Bank of the United States which was vetoed by Jackson in 1832, it wasn’t up for renewal until 1836, but the Republicans wanted to force his hand going into re-election, sparking the Bank Wars.
Benjamin Bonneville
An American explorer who lead the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains in the 1830s.
Trail of Tears
The unconstitutional ethnic cleansing of Native American tribes during the 1830s, the trail specifically refers to the 1838 removal of the Cherokee from Georgia.
United States presidential election, 1832
Incumbent Democrat Andrew Jackson defeated National Republican Henry Clay, Anti-Masonic William Writ, and Nullifier John Floyd. By the end of his first term, despite Jackson’s popularity, his administration was fractured by public conflict with his Vice President John C. Calhoun. His advocacy of the dissolution of the electoral college and of rotation of office in the federal government earned the ire of strict constitutionalists. Speaker of the House Clay introduced a charter for the Bank of the United States in 1832, even though it wasn’t necessary to do so until 1836, forcing Jackson to veto the charter. Despite criticisms he had doomed the economy, the veto was well-received by voters.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during Jackson’s presidency in which South Carolina threatened to secede over their power to declare the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional.
Force Bill
A bill signed by Jackson in 1833 designed to strongarm South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis, gave the president the right to use whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs.
The Bank Wars and Pres. Jackson’s censure
During his first term, Jackson decided to dismantle the Bank of the United States and find a friendlier source of funds for his western expansion plans. Jackson claimed that the bank had too many foreign investors, favored the rich over the poor, and resisted lending funds to develop commercial interests in America’s Western territories. Jackson vetoed the charter to renew the bank in 1831. An 1831 meeting with his cabinet generated classified documents regarding Jackson’s veto of the bank legislation. Soon after, Congress overruled Jackson’s veto. During his second term, Jackson appointed a treasury secretary to dismantle the Bank of the United States, and redirect its money to state banks until a new federal banking system could be created. Henry Clay passed a resolution to see Jackson’s 1831 documents, Jackson refused, and he was censured by Congress.
Ursuline Convent Riots
An 1834 event triggered by the rebirth of rabid anti-Catholic sentiments in antebellum New England. A convent full of Roman Catholic Nuns was burned down by a Protestant mob.
Whig Party
A political party formed in 1833 in opposition to Jackson’s economic and social conservatism. The Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. It appealed to entrepreneurs and planters, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal policies. The party fell apart in 1854 over the issue of slavery, with the northern voter-base mostly gravitating to the new Republican Party, and the Southerners mostly joining the Know Nothing Party