18.2 - Coenzymes and Cofactors

Question 1

Is this a cofactor or coenzyme?

This substance is necessary for enzyme function and is Inorganic (metal) cations

Answer 1

Cofactors

Question 2

Is this a cofactor or coenzyme?

This substance necessary for enzyme function and is of organic species.

Answer 2

Coenzymes

Question 3

Is this a cofactor or coenzyme?

This substance necessary for enzyme function contains three categorized groups.

1. Supporting in redux reductions,
2. Supporting by supplying energy
3. Supporting by giving transfer groups

Answer 3

Coenzymes

Question 4

In coenzyme redux reactions, these cofactors act as hydrogen acceptors or donors.

Answer 4

NAD⁺ / NADH

FAD / FADH₂

(for oxidation and reduction),

Question 5

This compound forms the basic structural unit of nucleic acids.

• Formula: heterocyclic nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate group = nucleic acids

Answer 5

nucleotide

Question 6

This compound is the active form of vitamin B3 and is critical in the structures of NADH and NAD⁺.

• Health: Treat pellagra (niacin deficiency).
• Side Effects: skin flushing

Answer 6

nicotinamide

(niacinamide)

Question 7

This molecule bonds with two vitamins, niacin, and riboflavin. This compound is not essential.

• This compound referred as vitamin B4. However, it is no longer part of the vitamin B complex.

Answer 7

adenine

Question 8

This molecule reacts in one or two redox reactions.

• They are also known as one of the most chemically diverse prosthetic groups in biochemistry.
• Latin for yellow, the source of this vitamin comes from vitamin b2.

Answer 8

flavin

Question 9

This molecule in all cases is a 5 carbon ring sugar with the linkage bond is in the up position.

• Except for falvin.

Answer 9

β-pyranose

Question 10

This type of linkage between the base to the sugar, more specifically the anomeric bond β (up position) and the linkage to the nitrogen atom.

Answer 10

β-N-glycosidic

linkage

Question 11

In this location, the electron transport chain happens, and NADH and FADH2 are oxidized back to their active forms.

• This oxidation cycle allows repeated assisting other enzymes in redox reactions.
• Tthe resulting products from this chain are highly used to make more ATP.

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

This compound provides energy by breakage of one phosphate linkage.

• The compound changes from ATP to ADP or AMP.
• This molecule provides the majority of cellular functions such as muscular contractions.
• This molecule is in all living tissue.
• Mesmerizing: Energy drinks labeled AMP are cheap, they don’t contain as much energy as ATP.

Answer 12

ATP

(Adenosine TriPhosphate)

Question 13

This compound contains adenine combined with ribose.

• It is present in all living tissue in combined form as nucleotides.

Answer 13

adenosine

Question 14

This compound is a High-energy (answer here) group.

• This type of linkage must be regenerated before it can help another enzyme.
• The regeneration can happen during metabolic cycles or electron transport chain. Typically ATP is converted to ADP or AMP.

Answer 14

phosphate​

(energetic phosphate anhydride)

High-energy phosphate

Question 15

This coenzyme is a molecule with the function of delivering acetyl group to citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) for oxidation, for of energy production.

• This molecule participates in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

Answer 15

Ac-CoA

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) ​

Question 16

Name this reaction.

ATP has two functions; one transports groups and the second is for energy by cleaving of inorganic phosphate.

Answer 16

phosphofructokinase

Question 17

This coenzyme is known for the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle).

• Function: important in respiration and other biochemical reactions.
• This molecule is attached to vitamin B5

Answer 17

Coenzyme A (CoA )

Question 18

This group is a fragment that is transferred by CoA.

• This group derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid and, or inorganic acids.

Answer 18

Acyl Group

Question 19

This molecule is a salt or ester of its acid form; its function is the output of metabolism of glucose (glycolysis).

Answer 19

pyruvate

Question 20

This category of vitamins is soluble in lipids.

• Location: Fatty Tissue (stored).
• Not Found: Blood or Urine.

Answer 20

fat-soluble vitamins

Question 21

This vitamin is fat-soluble.

• Functions: Antioxidants, enzyme rhodopsin, iodopsin.
• Deficiency: Retarded growth, night blindness.
• Health: Vision and skin.
• Source: Leafy green and yellow veggies.

Answer 21

Vitamin A

Question 22

This vitamin is fat-soluble.

• Function: Retain Ca2+ and PO43-
• Deficiency: Skeletal deterioration, rickets.
• Health: Bone health.
• Source: Sunlight, fish species and mushrooms.

Answer 22

Vitamin D

Question 23

This vitamin is fat-soluble.

• Function: antioxidant, supports VIT-A, cell production.
• Source: milk, meat, and vegetables.
• Deficiency: muscular malfunction, hemolytic anemia, others.

Answer 23

Vitamin E

Question 24

This vitamin is fat-soluble.

• Deficiencies: bleeding disorders.
• Source: Intestinal bacteria, vegetables, few fruits.

Answer 24

Vitamin K

Question 25

This **category** of vitamins is soluble. * Exerted in urine and are essential. * Difficult to overdose.

Answer 25

**Water-Soluble**

Question 26

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B1**. * **Function**: cofactor for decarboxylation, carbohydrate metabolism.​ * **Deficiency**: neural degradation, beriberi, muscle weakness, heart problems. * **Source**: Cereal grains, brown rice, oatmeal

Answer 26

**Thiamine** | (Vitamin B1)

Question 27

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B2**. * **Function**: Assists catalyze redox reactions as FAD+ * **Storage**: Light sensitive, industrial processing. * **Deficiency**: skin and mucous membrane deterioration. * **Source**: wheat grains, dairy products, and vegetables.

Answer 27

**Riboflavin** | (Vitamin B2)

Question 28

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B3**. * **Deficiency**: pellagra (epithelial deterioration). * **Function**: production of NAD+, acts as a cofactor for redox reactions.​ * **Source**: meat, bread, and potatoes, few fruits, and vegetables.

Answer 28

**Niacin** | (Vitamin B3)

Question 29

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B5**. * **Function**: It is involved in the formation of coenzyme A and fatty acid metabolism. * **Deficiency**: retarded growth, anemia, and CNS disorders. * **Source**: milk, meat, whole grains, few vegetables.

Answer 29

**Pantothenic Acid** | (Vitamin B5)

Question 30

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B6**. * **Function**: It is involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. * **Deficiency**: skin lesions, retarded growth, anemia, and convulsions. * **Health**: promotes red blood cell production. * **Source**: meat, grains, nuts, legumes.

Answer 30

**Pyridoxine** | (Vitamin B6)

Question 31

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin B12**. * **Function**: profoundly engaged in DNA synthesis and regulation, fatty acid synthesis, energy production. * **Cofactors**: isomerases, methyltransferases, cysteine to methionine enzymes (add methyl group). * **Deficiency**: damage to the brain, nervous system, pernicious anemia. * **Source**: animal products only, meat, eggs, and milk products.

Answer 31

**Cobalamin** | (Vitamin B12)

Question 32

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin H**. * **Function**: carboxylation reactions, fatty acid synthesis, the formation of glucose from pyruvate, few amino acid metabolisms.​ * **Deficiency**: dermatitis, hair loss, and neurological degradation. * **Source**: vegetables

Answer 32

**Biotin​** | (Vitamin H)

Question 33

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin C**. * **Function**: acts as an antioxidant, assists enzymes that promote collagen formation and fatty acid metabolism. * **Deficiency**: scurvy (collagen deterioration). * **Source**: fruits and vegetables, leafy greens, citrus fruits.

Answer 33

**Ascorbic Acid** | (Vitamin C)

Question 34

This type of vitamin is **water-soluble** and known as **Vitamin 9**. * **Function**: amino acid, nucleic acid metabolism, and cell division. * **Deficiency**: retarded growth, anemia, and congenital disabilities. * **Source**: vegetables, cereals, and bread.

Answer 34

**Folic Acid** | (Vitamin B9)

Question 35

This category of nutrients is dietary elements taken in inorganic form. * Types: phosphate and iodine, other metals.

Answer 35

Minerals

Question 36

This type of mineral described below. * **Function**: redox reactions. * **Mechanism**: enzymes in the electron transport chain where they regenerate NAD+ from NADH and FAD from FADH2.

Answer 36

**Copper and Iron**

Question 37

This type of mineral described below. * **Function**: protein hydrolysis during digestion * **Mechanism**: regulation of CO2 in the blood for pH stabilization.

Answer 37

Zinc

Question 38

This type of mineral is described below. * **Function:** enzymes which use or make ATP, and in DNA synthesis

Answer 38

**Magnesium**

Question 39

This type of mineral described below. * **Function**: many enzyme cofactors​ * **Mechanism**: Few are necessary for amino acid metabolism.

Answer 39

**Manganese**

Question 40

This type of mineral described below. **Function**: Nitrogen metabolism.

Answer 40

**Nickel**