18 oil and gas issues Flashcards
what is the outline of this lecture?
what is the anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp?
-renaissance period, rembrandt 1632
-“learned” men, high society of the Dutch Golden age, being shown musculature of the arm by “official city anatomist” Dr. Nicolas Tulp
-rembrandt well known for his use of lighting
what is potato eaters?
-vincent van gogh, 1885
-poor family
-gathering indoors under an oil lamp
-middle of industrialization and modernization
what do sperm whales have?
-sperm whale oil was in used as a machine lubricant and an illuminant; it burns cleaner and brighter than other whale oils
-it greased the path for industrialization by allowing factory machinery to function smoothly, allowing industrial goods such as clocks, watches and guns to work enduringly
-it served as the preferred lubricant for millions of spindles in new England’s cotton mills
-it also kept lamps burning
-factory production could continue day and night with sufficient illumination in the workspaces
-and the illumination of the streets of factory towns made it easier to recruit a labor force, often female, that would on most days need to walk to and from work before the sun rose or after it set, or both
-sperm oil was usually too costly for home use in lamps, and more often used to brighten larger spaces
what are some modern problems that require modern solutions?
fossil fuel development changed everything. eventually everyone was trading with and for energy
-price plummeted availability of cheap, plentiful energy skyrocketed
-leduc No 1 (1947) produced: 317,000 barrels of oil and 323 ft cubed of natural gas
what is petroleum?
rock oil
-perta (greek)=rock
-elaion (greek)=oil
naturally present around the world in various geological formations. forms from biological materials
1. natural organic matter
2. degradation-> diagenesis
3. kerogen (add time, pressure and heat)
4. fossil fuels
how do grade crude oil?
oil has different grades corresponding to physiochemical properties (all related to the hazards posed by oil)
benchmarks:
-brent crude
-west texas intermediate
-western canada select
-sweetness=sulfur content
-TAN=total acid number
-API= mixture weight
what is conventional crude?
typically light (higher API gravity)
-american petroleum institute
-API>10 floats on water
-API<10 sinks on water
flowable through pipelines almost immediately
may require some treatments
-settling
-potential acid neutralization
-sweetening
what is sour crude (H2S)?
-most acute hazard in oil production (excl fire and explosions)
-sour oil is rich in sulfur and therefore H2S
symptoms
-100-300 ppb: rotten egg smell
-5 to 10 ppm; obnoxious, but harmless
-20 ppm: irritative conjunctivitis, headaches
-50-100ppm: eye damage
-100ppm: olfactory paralysis’
-200ppm: severe irritation of airways, loss of smell
-250-500ppm: possible pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)
-500+ ppm: respiratory acceleration and paralysis, fatal on inhalation
what is salt and produced water?
produced water is extracted alongside petroleum during conventional oil drilling and fracking
-water/oil emulsion until allowed to settle
local sites are often contaminated from produced water
-western canadian sedimentary basin
-former fluvial (river), estuarine, and subsequently marine ecosystem throughout pre history
-salt concentrations up to 35% wt/wt
-problematic hydrocarbons that can cause acute adverse effects, genotoxicity
-natural radioactivity from geological residence depth
what to do with produced water?
-water used in drilling that returns to the surface, called wastewater or brine, has been sold to townships as an affordable way to keep dust down on dirt and gravel roads for decades
-recent lab studies at Penn State have shown that drilling brines are not only ineffective at suppressing dust, they are also full of salt that can degrade roads and radioactive elements that pose a health risk to people living nearby
what is the graph of conventional vs bitumen?
what are oil sands?
oil sands formed during the late cretaceous
geology suggests that organic materials is sedimented out in ecosystem progression:
-river (fluvial)
-estuary
-marine
all different properties from different biota
