17 petroleum Flashcards
how do oils ooze thru your life?
what is petroleum and natural gas formation?
NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE
where is all the oil, gas and coal?
-proven world oil reserves (2013); canada in top 3 nations
-90 million barrels per day
what are the unconventional and conventional sources of reserves?
what is petroleum made of?
complex mixture; crude oil is generally (95%) made up of hydrocarbons (C-H)
1) alkanes (paraffins) 30% (by weight)
2) cycloalkanes (napthenes) 49%
3) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 15%
4) asphaltics (6%)
+ other organic and inorganic compounds (sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen)
what are some of the common hydrocarbon compounds common in petroleum?
what does UCM mean?
an Unresolved Complex Mixture
what is the graph of characterizing diverse oil resources?
what is the graph of petroleum product classification?
how does petroleum get into the environment?
-combustion
-natural seeps
-drilling
-extraction (mining, fracking, pumping, waste tailings and water)
-spillage, washout
-urban runoff
-transport (pipeline breaks, accidental ship and rail spills)
what is the main source of petroleum in the marine environment?
what are examples of oil spill disasters?
-Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989
-lakeview gusher number 1 (1910)
-kuwait oil fires of gulf war (1991)
-prestige tanker spill (2002)
-deepwater horizon oil spill (2010)
-huskey energy oil spill (2016)
what is the Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989)?
-prince williams sound, alaska
-104,000 tonnes of crude oil
what was the lakeview gusher number 1?
1910
-in california, united states
-pressurized oil well
-duration: 18 months
-tonnes: 1,230,000
what were the kuwait oil fires of gulf war?
1991
-location: persian gulf
-duration: over the course of a year
-tonnes: 820,000
what was the prestige tanker spill?
2002
-location: spain
-duration: 2 weeks
-tonnes: 63.000
what was the deepwater horizon oil spill?
2010
-location: gulf of mexico
-duration: 83 days
-tonnes: 637,000
what was the huskey energy oil spill?
-north saskatchewan river (Maidstone)
-2016
-225,000 L of oil
what is the graph of oil-spill trends?
what happens to oil in the environment?
-evaporation of lighter volatile components
-photooxidation (particularly the aromatics) increases toxicity
-emulsification with water causing dispersal
-biodegradation from microorganisms- can change ecology of system
what are the toxic impacts on marine organisms of invertebrates?
-filter feeder species ingest water and sediment
-typically have less ability to metabolize PAHs
-can accumulate high concentrations
what are the toxic impacts on marine organisms of fish?
-mortality/necrosis
-sublethal effects: DNA damage, embryotoxicity, reproductive abnormalities, immunotoxicity, impaired growth and weight
what are the toxic impacts on marine organisms of marine mammals and birds?
-oiling of feathers and fur -> hypothermia, drowning
-inhalation-> brain lesions, disorientation
-ingestion of oil from preening/grooming-> lethal
-long term chronic effects on immune function, reproduction, growth and weight gain
what are sublethal effects of marine oil pollution on migration in birds?
what are the long-term impacts on bird population?
bird population after Prestige Oil spill, 17 months after spill ecotoxicologists reported:
-blood concentrations of PAHs higher in oiled gull colonies
-biochemical tests in exposed colonies suggest damage to liver and kidneys in adult birds
-high PAH concentrations in chicks indicate that pollutants were incorporated into food chain (no direct exposure)
what is an example of long-term impacts on reproduction?
what are PAHs?
low molecular weight:
-2-3 ring aromatics (naphthalenes, fluorenes, phenoanthrenes and anthracenes)
-toxic to aquatic organisms
high molecular weight:
-4-7 aromatics (chrysene, coronene(
-carcinogenic
sources
-petroleum
-combustion
what are alkyl-PAHs?
homologous series of parent structures with added alkyl groups
what is the PAH composition in various oils?
can PAHs be metabolized?
-PAHs can also be metabolized by a variety of enzyme systems
-cytochrome P450 enzymes are big players in these reactions
what are PAHs environmental fate?
