18: Ingredients in Pet Foods Flashcards
Dogs and cats have demonstrated a requirement for __________________ but not a requirement for ________________. Why does this matter?
Requirement for specific nutrients, not specific ingredients
Focus on nutrients; ingredients are there to meet nutrient requirements
What might be an important reason to investigate the ingredient composition of pet food?
Ingredients provide nutrients but also functionality (gut health, skeletal health)
Bioavailability
Nutrient characteristics
- Total content known
- Bioavailability generally poorly described (use swine database)
Slide 6
Diagram
Range of quality among feedstuffs of animal origin
Ranging from meat (high price and value) to co-products from slaughter plants (low price and low value)
Quality from our perspective does not equal nutrition quality for pet
Overall concerns for feedstuffs of animal origin? Plant origin?
Animal = food safety (bacteria)
Plant = protein quality, factors in the ingredients that affect protein, digestibility/availability
What is brewers rice and why might it be included as an ingredient? What is a concern?
Fermented co-product of rice from manufacturers of wort or beer
High in CP, ADF
Concern is mycotoxins
What are lentils? Why is it added to feed? What is a concern?
Pulse crop
Added as a source of CP, starch
Anti-nutritional factors are a concern
What are pulses? Examples other than lentils?
Non-oilseed legumes
Kidney beans, chickpeas
Two types of starch and difference in digestion
Amylose (slow digestion)
Amylopectin (fast digestion)
Can change rate of digestion by changing amount of amylose vs amylopectin
Processing of starch
High moisture and temp
Gelatinization and retrogradation
Slide 13
Kinetics of starch digestion
What is poultry by-product meal? Why included it in the diet? Concern?
The ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry (neck, feet, undeveloped eggs, intestines)
High in CP, some fat
Concern is food safety, variability
Slide 15
Protein damage?
What is fish meal? Benefits? Concern
Clean, dried, ground tissue of whole fish or fish cuttings
High quality protein (high digestibility, ideal aa profile) and high CP content
Concern is sustainability
What is powdered egg albumin? Why use it? Concern?
Egg waste comes from egg processing facilities
Very high quality protein source, no fat, lactose free
VERY high CP (80%)
May contain pathogens like salmonella
What is brewer’s yeast? Why use it/benefits?
By-product of brewing beer (inactivated dried yeast)
Protein source, B-vitamin source
Help fight bacteria that cause infections in the intestine (functional characteristic)
Help relieve diarrhea
Slide 18
Look at table
What is dicalcium phosphate? Why include it in feed? Risks? Be sure to…
Obtained from degreased bones
Include it to provide minerals (Ca, P)
Risk is too much Ca (inhibits absorption of other nutrients + kidney stones)
And variability
Be sure to eliminate central nervous system (spinal cord) to prevent prions
What is the role of Ca? P?
Both build and maintain bones and teeth
Ca regulates heartbeat and muscle contractions, necessary for blood clotting
P plays important part in energy production
What is Taurine? Where is it found? Absent in… Essential in what species? Its roles?
sometimes called an aa, but is an acid containing an amino group
Exclusively found in animal-based proteins (muscle meat)
Absent in cereal grains
Essential for cats
Critical for normal vision, digestion, heart function, fetal development
Why were premixes developed?
All micro-ingredients are properly mixed in the premix, making sure they are better balanced in the main mix
Slide 21
What is bioavailability? Why is it important? Data in companion animals? Example in minerals?
How much of a nutrient can be used by the animal to support metabolic functions
Important in formulating high quality diets
Data sorely lacking in companion animals, swine data base better
For example, oxide is poorly available, sulfate is better
Slides 24, 25
Mineral bioavailability
What else affects mineral bioavailability? How might we combat it?
Phytate:
complex compound that binds P, other minerals, even starch (that dogs and cats cannot degrade)
= P digestibility low in plant products
In swine and chicken feed, we add phytase to the diet to improve availability
Nutritive additives to feed (7)
Slides 27-31
- Chondroprotective agents (prevent cartilage degradation)
- Antioxidants (reduce oxidative damage, free radical formation)
- Probiotics (feeding ‘healthy’ live bacteria to promote intestinal health)
- Enzymes e.g. phytase
- Herbs and botanicals (to provide macronutrients or flavour)
- Prebiotics (non digestible carbs that are fermented)
- L-carnitine
Examples of antioxidants
Vitamin E (essential vit)
Vitamin C
B-carotene (precursor to vit A in dogs not cats)
Technical or non-nutritive additives
- Preservatives (e.g. propylene glycol retains moisture)
- Flavours and extracts (digests, natural flavours, artificial flavours)
- Colours (from natural sources or synthetically derived)
- Other (to facilitate manufacturing, affect stability or form)
Look at slides 27+
They suck
Ingredients that are a source of CP
- brewer’s rice
- brewer’s yeast
- lentils
- poultry by-product meal
- fish meal
- powdered egg albumin»_space;
