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AN SC 464 > 16: Life cycle nutrition of reproductive and aged horses > Flashcards

16: Life cycle nutrition of reproductive and aged horses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the estrous cycle of a broodmare. What is it influenced by?

A

Cycle from March to October, estrous cycle = 22 days

Influenced by photoperiod, nutrition, physiological condition, environmental temperature

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2
Q

Slide 5

A

BCS horses

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3
Q

Typical gestation length in horses? What is very important?

A

Typically 335-345 days

Body condition score very important (BCS >5 = reserves)

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4
Q

Gestation in winter conception. Protein and energy requirements in gestation

A

Winter conception has longer gestation period (due to photoperiod)

Protein and energy requirements not completely determined

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5
Q

Benefits of optimum body condition score in broodmare

A
  • increased fertility
  • increased milk yield
  • increased health
  • shorter follicular phase in estrous (increase # of cycles)
  • shorter winter anestrous
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6
Q

Low BCS in broodmares leads to…

A

Longer anestrous bc of decreased hormone levels

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7
Q

Ideal BW gain during gestation

A

12-15% above normal BW

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8
Q

Energy is required for what during pregnancy?

A
  1. Maintenance of dam
  2. Deposition of fetal and placental tissue
  3. Hypertrophy of the uterus
  4. Mammary development
  5. Maintenance of additional tissues mentioned above
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9
Q

Timing of fetal and non-fetal accretion during gestation

A

Greatly increases after day 150 (non-fetal tissue accretion from day 150-330 = ~45 g/d)

Most fetal tissues accumulated in last 60 days of gestation

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10
Q

Why do pregnant mares have added maintenance requirements?

A

Additional weight from both fetal and non-fetal tissues + non-fetal tissue is more metabolically active

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11
Q

Composition of each unit of gain during pregnancy

A

Each unit is ~20% protein, 3% lipid
Water is 3x protein composition
Also skeletal tissue

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12
Q

When do the energy requirements change for mares during pregnancy?

A

Met by DE of maintenance for first 5 months

Then increase exponentially until end of pregnancy:
- 5-8 months = increase DE by 11%
- 11 months = increase DE by 28%

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13
Q

Main recommendation about energy requirement during pregnancy

A

Do not allow for accretion of body stores (in the mare *if she is at an ideal BCS)
Mares with BCS <5 require additional energy

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14
Q

Mares with BCS <5 suffer from

A
  • delayed estrous (longer time to rebreed)
  • reduced conception
  • embryonic death
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15
Q

Protein requirement during pregnancy? Deficiency?

A

Requirements have received little research
>2.8 g CP/kg BW/d eliminate problems related to hormonal status (linear relationship btw protein and progesterone)

<2.0 g CP/kg BW/d = protein deficiency:
- can cause weight loss
- early fetal loss
- slower start to ovulation

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16
Q

Slide 14

A

Confused

17
Q

Protein requirement in first four months of gestation? Afterwards?

A

Conception to 4 months = average CP requirement (not a lot of protein tissue gain)

5th month to parturition = correct for kg fetal fain

18
Q

Minerals with increased requirements during gestation? When?

A

During late gestation: change in nutrient requirement bc of increasing fetal growth

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium

19
Q

Vitamin requirements in late gestation

A

Increase vitamin A and E to 2x maintenance

20
Q

Feed/energy intake before and after parturition

A

Feed intake should reduce 24h before birth: provide good quality hay, low energy cereal and bran (insoluble fiber to reduce constipation)

After parturition, energy and protein needs must be met: feed bran mash first (insoluble fiber), second feeding should contain cereal and protein (for milk production)

21
Q

Feeding a mare up to 10 days postpartum

A

Restrict concentrate feeding (do not overfeed starch or sugar): avoids excess milk secretion and GI disturbances in foal

After 10 days, want to stimulate milk production

22
Q

Slide 18

A

Composition of mare’s milk

23
Q

How does milk production vary postpartum? Yield is influenced by…

A

First few weeks 5-15 kg milk/day, peaks in months 2 and 3 at 10-20 kg milk/d, at month 5 reduced to 5-10 kg/d

Yield influenced by:
- feed consumption during late gestation
- feed quality
- water availability
- nutrient and energy intake
- breed, age, stage of lactation, twins?

24
Q

Mares produce how much of their body weight in milk?

A

1.9-3.9%

25
Q

How does DE maintenance requirement change throughout lactation

A

75% increase in months 1-2, down to 55% increase in months 5-6

26
Q

Protein quality and lactation? Low CP intake?

A

Milk production is sensitive to protein quality
Low CP intake with poor quality leads to
- decreased weight
- decreased milk production

27
Q

PTH, bone density and demand for Ca during lactation

A
  • increase in PTH = decrease in ionized Ca 3d prepartum to 2d postpartum
  • mares lose bone density during first 12 weeks of lactation
  • requirement highest in first 3 months of lactation, follows trend in milk production (decreases in later stages of lactation)
28
Q

Nutrition of breeding stallions

A
  • same seasonal breeding cycles: photoperiod affects concentration of hormones in blood
  • require increased E during breeding season
  • generally, E requirement greater than mares or geldings
  • limited research on true DE requirement
  • requirement changes based on activity, temperature, etc
29
Q

Nutrient requirements in aged horses? Physical signs of aging

A

Challenge to define nutrient requirements; little knowledge of age-related changes to metabolism
There are age-related diseases and large metabolic change

Physical signs:
- chronically low BCS
- loss of muscle mass
- “sway” back appearance (minerals?)
- gray coat
- dental disease

30
Q

How to address dental abnormalities in aged horses

A
  • alter physical form of ration to increase digestibility
  • feed haylage or chopped hay
  • soak hay or hay cubes in water
  • supplement oil to increase energy density
31
Q

Energy, protein and other nutrient requirements in aged horses

A

Energy: MER relationship to age undefined in horses, MER typically lower in older animals (less activity, less protein mass)

Protein: suggested decline with aging (lower CP digestibility). Requirement undetermined.

Other nutrients: requirements uninvestigated

32
Q

What is cushing’s disease? Clinical signs?

A

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: loss of dopaminergic inhibition

Clinical signs:
- increase adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
- increase pro-opiomelanocortin peptides
- increase in cortisol (despite no stresses)

33
Q

Symptoms of cushing’s disease

A
  • hypertrichosis (excess hair growth)
  • sweating
  • muscle wasting
  • risk of laminitis
  • insulin resistance
34
Q

Addressing cushing’s disease through nutrition

A

Risk of laminitis and insulin resistance are both partially controlled by diet

With insulin resistance, feed less starch, reduce concentrate and provide forage

35
Q

Slides 27,28

A

Cushing’s

36
Q

What is equine metabolic disease? Symptoms? Etiology? Possible treatment?

A

Obese, high adiposity

Symptoms are hyperinsulinemia (insulin resistance) and laminitis

Etiology is unknown. Likely genetic, also partly tied to diet

Treat by feeding more forage, less starches/sugars

37
Q

What is laminitis? Causes?

A

Inflammation of laminae causing distal phalanx to ‘detach’ from inner hoof

Causes:
- sepsis/endotoxemia
- toxins
- obesity
- trauma
- diet: fructans and dietary digestible CHOs (starch and sugar)

38
Q

How many laminitis cases are diet related? What might be a management issue in Alberta?

A

Pasture associated laminitis = >46% of cases
Grain overload = >7% of cases

> 50% of cases are diet related and therefore preventable
Grazing management is important

In AB, half the year there is no grazing whatsoever. Need to feed forages and concentrates high in starch/sugar

AN SC 464 (16 decks)

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