Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ > 18. Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

18. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the component of the Upper Genital Tract?

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Fallopian Tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Cervix
  5. Upper 2/3 Vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which Embryological structure gives rise to the

Female Genital Tract?

A

Paramesonephric/Mullerian Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to the Mullerian Duct?

A

It initially forms in Both Males and Females, but then Degenerates in Males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which structures develop from the Paramesonephric Duct?

A
  1. Upper 1/3 of Vagina
  2. Cervix
  3. Uterus
  4. Fallopian Tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the Remnants of the Paramesonephric Duct?

A
  1. Epoophoron
  2. Skeneโ€™s Glands
  3. Gartnerโ€™s Duct/Cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the Epoophoron found?

A

Found next to the Ovary and Fallopian Tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Epoophoron?

A

Contains Ducts that might lead to Gartnerโ€™s Ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the Skeneโ€™s Glands found?

A

Located on Anterior Walls of Vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the Gartnerโ€™s Duct/Cyst found?

A

Located on the Broad Ligament,

Parallel to the lateral Uterine Tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can a Gartnerโ€™s Cyst form?

A

The Cyst can form if Mucous is trapped in the Ducts remnant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Gartnerโ€™s Duct/Cyst arise from?

A

Paramesonephric/Mullerian Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which Embryo Germ Layer does the Genital Tract arise from?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Genital Tract closely related to?

A

The Development of the the Genital Tract is closely related to the Development of the Urinary Tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Testes?

A

Ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Female equivalents of the Prostatic Utricle?

A

Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Scrotum?

A

Labia Majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Penile Skin?

A

Labia Minora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Penis?

A

How do the Crura of the Clitoris form the Body?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Glands Penis?

A

Glans Clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Prepuce?

A

Clitoral Hood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the Female equivalents of the Gubernaculum?

A

Round Ligament

Ovarian Ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Epididymus?

A

Gartnerโ€™s Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Prostate Gland?

A

Skeneโ€™s Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Female equivalent of the Bulbourethral Gland?

A

Bartholinโ€™s Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are Pelvic Organs not Palpable Abdominally?

A

Normal sized Pelvic Organs are situated in the True Pelvis.

Below the Pelvic Inlet which is too low to be palpated Abdominally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When can certain Pelvic Organs be Palpated?

A

The Bladder can be palpated Abdominally when Full,

Uterus can be palpated per Abdomen when 12 weeks Pregnant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can Pelvic Organs be Palpated?

A

Vaginally

Rectally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 Sytems that pass through the Female Pelvis?

A

Posterior to Anterior:

  1. Gastrointestinal
  2. Urinary
  3. Genital Tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the Genital Septum?

A

The Genital Septum is a Ridge between the Inferior Uterus and Rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the Function of the Genital Septum?

A

Separates the Gastrointestinal from the Genitourintary Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which Pouch is Anterior to Genital Septum?

A

Vesico - Uterine Pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which Pouch is Posterior to Genital Septum?

A

Rectouterine Pouch (of Douglas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What issues can arise during Pelvic Surgery?

A

The structures in close Proximity may get Damaged.

One structure may Join to another e.g. Enterovaginal Fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Adhesions?

A

Deposits of Fibrous Strands/Scar Tissue,

Which can connect Organs together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How can Adhesions cause symptoms?

A

Organs in pelvic cavity normally slide freely against each other
Adhesions can hinder this Movement leading to:
- Pain
- Infertility
- Bowel Obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which conditions can cause Adhesions in the Pelvis?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Endometriosis
  3. Infection (e.g. Gonorrhoea)
  4. Pelvic Surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Give examples of Inflammation that causes Adhesions?

A
  1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Infection of Female Upper GI Tract.
  2. Crohnโ€™s Disease: Part of GI is Inflamed.
  3. Ulcerative Colitis: Colon and Rectum are inflamed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What Clinical Complications can Adhesions cause?

A
  1. Atopic Pregnancy: The egg attaches outside the Uterus
  2. Reduced Fertility
  3. Increased Risk of Miscarriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Function of the Uterus?

A

Receives the developing Embryo in the Morula Stage.
Allows Implantation of the Embryo when as it enters the Uterine Wall in the Blastocyst Stage.
Provides the environment for development before expelling the Foetus through the Lower Genital Tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the Size and Shape of the Uterus?

A

It is the Size and Shape of a Pear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Flexion of the Uterus?

A

Angle between the Axes of the Uterus and Cervix

The Normal Angle is 90 degrees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is Version of the Uterus?

A

Angle between the Axes of the Uterus with the Vagina.

The Normal is 170 degrees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the Clinical Significance of a Retroverted Uterus?

A

A retroverted Uterus is positioned directly above the Vagina.
In instances of increased Abdominal Pressure,
The Uterus is more likely to Prolapse into the Vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Who is more susceptible to Uterine Prolapse?

A

Uterine Prolapse is particularly prevalent in those with a history of Pelvic Floor Damage.
Retroverted and Retroflexed also increases the risk of Prolapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How else can the positioning of the Uterus be Clinically relevant?

A

The Uterus may also be positioned in a way that does not allow for conception/ birth.
You can test for infertility or the need for Caesarean Section.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 2 Sub - Divisions of the Uterus?

A
  1. Fundus

2. Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which structure deliniates the Fundus & Body?

A

The position of the Uterine Tubes.

Specifically the Isthmus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the Fundus of the Uterus?

A

The top of the Uterus,
Above the entry point of the Uterine Tube.
It has a Rounded Shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which structures arise at the junction of the Fundus & Uterine Tubes?

A

Anteriorly: Round Ligament
Posteriorly: Ovarian Suspensory Ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 3 Component Tissues of the Uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Peritoneum/Perimetrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the Endometrium?

A

Inner Mucous membrane Lining
Sheds in Menstruation
Site of Implantation of the Fertilised Zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the Myometrium?

A

Middle Thick Smooth Muscle Layer

Allows for Uterine Contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the Perimetrium?

A

Outer Double Layered Membrane that is continuous with the Abdominal Peritoneum
Which covers the Uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the Important relations of the Uterus?

A

Anterior:
- Bladder

Posterior:
- Rectum

Inferior:

  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Vulva

Lateral:

  • Ovarian Tubes
  • Ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens to the Uterus when the Bladder fills?

A

When the Bladder Fills,

The Uterus moves more Posterior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Uterus?

A

Uterine Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where does the Uterine Artery arise from?

A

Anterior Branch of the Internal Iliac Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which important structure is closely related to the Uterine Artery?

A

Ureter:

  • The Uterine Artery crosses Anterior to the Ureter.
  • Water under the Bridge.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the Clinical Significance of Water under the Bridge?

A

During a Hysterectomy the Uterus and Uterine Artery are removed,
Here the Ureter is in danger of being accidentally damaged,
Especially when Clamping Down the Uterine Artery during the procedure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the Venous Drainage of the Uterus?

A

Plexus in the Broad Ligament

Which drains into the Uterine Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Where does the Uterine Vein drain into?

A

Internal Iliac Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nerve Supply of the Uterus?

A

Sympathetic Nerve Fibres of the Uterus arise from the Uterovaginal Plexus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the Uterovaginal Plexus mainly consist of?

A

This consists of 2 Parts of the the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus:

  1. Anterior Part
  2. Intermediate Part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What Type of Plexus is the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus?

A

Pelvic Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the Nerve Roots of the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus?

A

T10/T11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nerve Supply of the Uterus?

A

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the Nerve Roots of the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves?

A

S2 - S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Where are the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves derived from?

A

From the Sacral Spinal Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

At which Spinal Level do the Afferent Nerves enter?

A

Enter the CNS at T10/T11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the Clinical Significance of the Afferent Nerves?

A

Labour Pains refer to Areas of Skin supplied by these Nerves

e.g. the Lumbo - Sacral Region and Lower Abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

At what Gestation does the Uterus become Palpable Abdominally?

A

After 12 Weeks of Pregnancy the Fundus of the Uterus is Palpable above the Pubic Symphysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

At what Gestation does the Uterus reach the Umbilicus?

A

20 - 22 Weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What Clinical Conditions are associated with the Uterus?

A
  1. Menstrual Disorders
  2. Uterine Prolapse
  3. Uterine Fibroids/Polyps
  4. Endometriosis
  5. Endometrial Carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the Menstrual Disorders associated with the Uterus?

A
  1. Menorrhagia
  2. Metrorrhagia
  3. Dysmenorrhoea
  4. Oligomenorrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is Menorrhagia?

A

Period is Abnormally Heavy or Prolonged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is Metrorrhagia?

A

Periods occur with Irregular Intervals,

Between expected times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is Dysmenorrhoea?

A

Painful Periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is Oligomenorrhoea?

A

Infrequent Menstrual Periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is Uterine Prolapse?

A

When the Pelvic Floor Muscles and Ligaments Stretch and Weaken,
And no longer provide enough Support for the Uterus,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are the causes of Uterine Prolapse?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Being Overweight
  3. Difficult Labour
  4. Retroverted & Retroflexed Uterus
81
Q

What are the Grades of Uterine Prolapse?

A 
Grade 0: Normal Position.
Grade 1: Descent into Vagina, but not reaching Introitus.
Grade 2: Descent up to Introitus.
Grade 3: Descent outside Introitus.
Grade 4: Procidentia (Severe Prolapse).
82
Q

What are Uterine Fibroids/Polyps?

A

Non - Cancerous Growths of the Uterine Wall.

83
Q

What are the symptoms of Uterine Fibroids/Polyps?

A

Excessive Uterine Bleeding
Painful and Prolonged Periods
Difficulty with Urination
Can lead to Infertility

84
Q

What is Endometriosis?

A

When Endometrial Tissue grows outside the Uterus.

85
Q

What are the Symptoms of Endometriosis?

A

Abnormal Bleeding

Pain during Urination

86
Q

Why is the Incidence of Endometrial Cancer increasing?

A

Increased use of Hormone Based Contraceptives
Increased Obesity Levels
More people not having Children.

87
Q

What are the Ligaments of the Internal Female Reproductive Organs?

A
  1. Broad Ligament
  2. Round Ligament
  3. Cardinal Ligament
  4. Uterosacral Ligament
  5. Ovarian Ligament
  6. Ovarian Suspensory Ligament/Infundibulo - Pelvic Ligament
  7. Pubocervical Ligament
88
Q

Broad Ligament:

A

A Double Layer of Peritoneum that Attaches the Sides of the Uterus to the Pelvis,
In order to maintain its Position.

89
Q

What are the 3 Portions of the Broad Ligament?

A
  1. Mesometrium
  2. Mesosalpinx
  3. Mesovarium
90
Q

What is the Mesometrium?

A

Constitutes the majority of the Broad Ligament of the Uterus.
The Ureter is found within this portion.

91
Q

What is the Mesosalpinx?

A

Mesentery of the Uterine/Fallopian Tubes.

92
Q

What is the Mesovarium?

A

Connects the Ovaries to the Broad Ligament.

93
Q

What is the Round Ligament?

A

Extends from the Uterus to the Labia Majora via the Inguinal Canal,
And acts to maintain the Uterusโ€™ Anteverted Position.

94
Q

Describe the Course of the Round Ligament?

A
  1. Originates at the Uterine Horns in the Fundus of the Uterus,
  2. Exits the Pelvis via the Deep Inguinal Ring,
  3. Passes through the Inguinal Canal,
  4. Continues out of the Superficial Inguinal Ring and onto the Labia Majora.
95
Q

Where does the Round Ligament terminate?

A

At the Labia Majora/Mons Pubis.

96
Q

What is the Cardinal Ligament?

A

Extends from the Cervix to the Lateral Pelvic Walls from the Base of the Broad Ligament,
And acts to support the Uterus,
As well as contains the Uterine Artery and Vein.

97
Q

What is the Uterosacral Ligament?

A

Extends from the Cervix to the Sacrum and acts to provide support to the Uterus.

98
Q

What is the Ovarian Ligament?

A

Joins the Ovaries to the Uterus.

99
Q

What is the Ovarian Suspensory Ligament/Infundibulo - Pelvic Ligament?

A

Attaches the Ovary to the walls of the Pelvis.
Fold of Peritoneum extending from the Mesovarium to the Pelvic Wall.
Contains the Neurovascular Structures.

100
Q

What is the Pubocervical Ligament?

A

Attach the Cervix to the Posterior Surface of the Pubic Symphysis.
They function to support the Uterus within the Pelvic Cavity.

101
Q

What are the 2 Parts of the Cervix?

A
  1. Endocervix: Supra โ€“ Vaginal Part

2. Ectocervix: Intra โ€“ Vaginal Part

102
Q

What structures surround the Endocervix?

A

Anterior Fornix
Posterior Fornix
Lateral Fornices: Right & Left

103
Q

What are the Cervical Openings?

A

External Orifice: Opening from Vagina into Cervix

Internal Orifice: Opening from Cervix into Uterus

104
Q

What is the Clinical Utility of the External Orifice?

A

Seen in the Speculum Examination

And when taking the Cervical Smear Test to test for Cervical Cancer/ HPV.

105
Q

What are Adnexa?

A

Structures between the Uterus and Pelvic Side Walls:

Tubes and Ovaries

106
Q

How can Adnexal Masses be Examined?

A
  1. Bimanual Examination can examine Adnexal Masses:
    • 2 fingers in Vagina
    • 1 on Abdomen
  2. Transvaginal Ultrasonography
107
Q

How long is each Uterine Tube?

A

10cm

108
Q

What are the 4 Parts of the Uterine Tubes?

A
  1. Fimbriae
  2. Infundibulum
  3. Ampulla
  4. Isthmus
109
Q

What are the Fimbriae?

A

Finger - Like, Ciliated Projections which capture the Ovum from the Surface of the Ovary.

110
Q

What is the Infundibulum?

A

Funnel - Shaped opening near the Ovary to which Fimbriae are attached.

111
Q

What is the Ampulla?

A

Widest section of the Uterine Tubes.

Fertilization usually occurs here.

112
Q

What is the Isthmus?

A

Narrow section of the Uterine Tubes connecting the Ampulla to the Uterine Cavity.

113
Q

Which part of the Uterine Tubes is the Narrowest?

A

Isthmus

114
Q

Where in the Uterine Tubes does Fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla

115
Q

What happens in Ectopic Pregnancies?

A

Fertilisation does not occur at the Ampulla.

116
Q

How does an Ectopic Pregnancy occur?

A
  1. If the Lumen of the Uterine Tube is Partially Occluded,
  2. Sperm may be able to pass through and Fertilise the Ovum.
  3. However, the Fertilised Egg may not be able to pass into the Uterus,
  4. And can Implant in the Uterine Tube.
117
Q

What are the consequences of Ectopic Pregnancy?

A

An Ectopic Pregnancy is a Medical Emergency if not diagnosed early,
The Implanted Blastocyst can cause Rupture and Haemorrhage of the affected Tube.

118
Q

What type of Cells line the Uterine Tubes?

A

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium:

  • The Cilia on the Cells waft the Ova through the Ovarian Tube,
  • Towards the Endometrium of the Uterus.
119
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Uterine Tubes?

A
  1. Ovarian Artery:
    • Arises from the Abdominal Aorta.
    • At the Level of L1/L2.
    • Makes up 1/3 of the Blood Supply.
  2. Uterine Artery:
    • Internal Iliac Artery.
    • Makes up 2/3 of the Blood Supply.
120
Q

What is Salpingitis?

A

Inflammation of the Fallopian Tubes

121
Q

What is the most common cause of Salpingitis?

A

Chlamydia

122
Q

What are the consequences of Salpingitis?

A

Infertility.

Ectopic Pregnancy by forming Adhesions that block the Lumen of the Uterine Tube.

123
Q

What is a Hydro - Salpinx?

A

Condition that occurs when the Fallopian Tube is Blocked,

Fills with Serous or Clear Fluid near the Ovary.

124
Q

What is a Pyo - Salpinx?

A

Condition in which the Fallopian Tube fills up and Swells with Pus.

125
Q

What is Cervical Excitation?

A

Cervical Motion Tenderness,
Sign found on a Gynaecological Pelvic Examination,
Suggestive of Pelvic Pathology.

126
Q

What Pathologies is Cervical Excitation suggestive of?

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Ectopic Pregnancy

127
Q

How would you Test for Cervical Excitation?

A

Assessed via a Bimanual Digital Exam.

Speculum: Would cause intense pain if Cervical Excitation is present.

128
Q

What is Cervical Excitation also known as?

A

Chandelierโ€™s Sign

129
Q

What are the Anatomical changes during the Menstrual Cycle?

A

Mucus Thinning
Cilia Waft
Endometrium Builds Up

130
Q

Which Germ Cell Layer of the Embryo do the Ovaries arise from?

A

Mesoderm

131
Q

How many Oocytes are there and how much do these decrease?

A

20 Weeks Gestation: 5 Million Oocytes
At Birth: 500,000 Oocytes
Puberty: 50,000 Oocytes
Ovulated: Fewer than 500 Oocytes

132
Q

Where do the Ovaries begin and Where do they Descend?

A

Begin high on the Posterior Abdominal Wall.

Descend only to the Pelvic Brim.

133
Q

Where do the Ovarian Arteries arise?

A

Arise from the Abdominal Aorta

134
Q

At which Vertebreal Level do the Ovarian Arteries arise?

A

L2

135
Q

Describe the Course of the Ovarian Arteries?

A
  1. Ovarian Arteries arise from Abdominal Aorta,
  2. Descend along the Posterior Abdominal Wall,
  3. Cross over the External Iliac Vessels at the Pelvic Brim,
  4. Enter the Suspensory Ligaments,
  5. Ovarian (and Ascending Uterine Arteries) Terminate by Bifurcating into Ovarium and Tubal branches,
  6. Which supply the Ovaries and Tubes from Opposite Ends and Anastomose with each other.
136
Q

Which Structure is at risk of Injury when Ligating the Ovarian Vessels?

A

Ureter

137
Q

Where does the Ovarian Vein drain into?

A

Left Ovarian Vein:

  • Left Renal Vein
  • Inferior Vena Cava

Right Ovarian Vein:
- Inferior Vena Cava

138
Q

Where do the Lymphatics of the Ovaries drain to?

A

Paraortic Lymph Nodes

139
Q

How can Lymphatics facilitate Cancer?

A

Cancers can Metastasise to other Organs through their shared Lymphatic Drainage.

140
Q

What are the Anatomical differences in Pre and Post - Menopausal Women?

A

The Ovaries Shrink and Artophy after Menopause.

141
Q

Why may Ovarian Pathology cause symptoms in Medial Thigh?

A

The Obturator Nerve runs over the Ovary.
Damage to the Ovary can damage the Obturator Nerve,
Causing Thigh Pain or Loss of Function.

142
Q

Which 3 Types of Cell are found in the Ovary?

A
  1. Surface Epithelium:
    • The Surface of the Ovaries is covered with Membrane,
    • Consisting of a Lining of Simple Cuboidal-to-Columnar Shaped Mesothelium,
    • Called the Germinal Epithelium.
  2. Germ Cells:
    • The Cells that will develop into Follicles (Eggs).
  3. Stromal Cells:
    • Connective Tissue Cells that are abundantly supplied by Blood Vessels.
143
Q

Which Ovarian Cell Type most commonly leads to Malignancy?

A

Most Common Cancers arise from Epithelial Cells or Germ Cells.
90% of Ovarian Cancers are derived from Epithelium, called Ovarian Adenocarcinomas.

144
Q

What is a Teratoma?

A

Most Germ Cell Tumours are Teratomas.
A Tumour composed of Tissues not normally present at the site,
Which comprise Cells from all 3 Germ Cell Layers and are usually benign.

145
Q

Why does Ovarian Cancer have such a Poor Prognosis?

A

Lacks any clear early Detection or Screening Test,
Most cases are not Diagnosed until they have reached Advanced Stages.
Metastasizes Early in its development, often before it has been Diagnosed.
High - Grade Tumours metastasize more readily than Low - Grade Tumours.

146
Q

What are the Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts?

A
  1. Bowel Obstructions
  2. Abdominal Distension
  3. Nausea
  4. Pain on Defacation
147
Q

What are the 3 Cyst Complications that can arise causing Acute Pain?

A
  1. Rupture
  2. Haemorrhage
  3. Torsion
148
Q

What are the Components of the Lower Genital Tract?

A
  1. Vulva
  2. Vagina
  3. Cervix
149
Q

How long is the Vagina?

A

3 - 4 inches.
But can expand to 6 - 10 inches when Sexually Aroused.
The Posterior Wall is Longer than the Anterior Wall.

150
Q

How is the Vagina Lubricated?

A

By Plasma Secreted from the Cervix.

151
Q

What does the Cervix form at the Upper End of the Vagina?

A

Cervix Protrudes into the Upper End of the Vagina creating a Sulcus,
As well as 4 Fornices.

152
Q

What is the Relation of the Vagina to the Cervix?

A 
At the Upper Ending, the Vagina surrounds the Cervix.
Creating Two Domes (Fornices/Vaults): 
1. Anterior Fornix
2. Posterior Fornix:
    - This is Deeper
    - Anterior to the Genital Septum
153
Q

What is the Clinical Significance of the Posterior Fornix?

A

Acts like a Natural Reservoir for Semen after Intravaginal Ejaculation.
The Semen retained in the Fornix Liquefies in the next 20 - 30 mins,
Allowing for Easier Permeation through the Cervical Canal.

154
Q

Which important structure is related to the Lateral Fornix?

A

The Ureter

155
Q

When might the Ureter be Injured during Surgery?

A

Clamping during a:

  • Hysterectomy
  • Oophorectomy
  • Salpingectomy
156
Q

Where is the Vaginal Opening located?

A

The Vaginal Opening is at the Posterior end of the Vulval Vestibule,
Behind the Urethral opening.
The Opening to the Vagina is normally obscured by the Labia Minora.

157
Q

What Angle does the Vaginal Canal make with the Horizontal Plane?

A

60 Degrees

158
Q

What separated the Vagina from the Rectum?

A

Perineal body (Genital Septum)

159
Q

What are the Anatomical Relations of the Vagina?

A
  1. Anterior:
    • Bladder
    • Urethra
  2. Posterior:
    • Rectouterine Pouch
    • Rectum
    • Anal Canal
  3. Lateral:
    • Ureters
    • Levator Ani Muscle
160
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Vagina?

A
  1. Vaginal Artery:

- Arises from the Internal Iliac Artery.

161
Q

How does Pelvic Organ Prolapse occur?

A

The Muscles and Tissues supporting the Pelvic Organs become Weak or Loose.
Pelvic Organs such as the Uterus, Bladder or Rectum.
This allows one or more of the Pelvic Organs to Drop or Press into or out of the Vagina.

162
Q

What is the Hymen?

A

The Hymen is a Membrane covering the External Vaginal Opening.
A remnant of Urogenital Sinus.

163
Q

What is the function of the Hymen?

A

Keeps Germs out of the Vagina.

164
Q

How is the Hymen formed?

A

At 5 Months Gestation the Vaginal Canalization is complete.
And the Foetal Hymen is formed from the Proliferation of the Sinovaginal Bulbs.
Where Mullerian Ducts meet the Urogenital Sinus.

165
Q

Where do the Glands Open in relation to the Hymen?

A
  • Bartholinโ€™s Glands Open Above

- Skeneโ€™s Glands Open Below

166
Q

What is the Vulva?

A

All the External Female Genitalia

167
Q

What are the Components of the Vulva?

A
  1. Mons Pubis
  2. Vestibular Fossa
  3. Labia Majora
  4. Labia Minora
  5. Vulval Vestibule
  6. Hymen
  7. Introitus
  8. Urethral Meatus
  9. Clitoris
  10. Opening Of Greater Vestibular (Bartholinโ€™s) Gland
  11. Opening Of Lesser Vestibular (Skeneโ€™s) Gland
168
Q

What is the Mons Pubis?

A

Pad of Fatty Tissue that covers the Pubic Bone.

Secretes Pheromones responsible for Sexual Attraction.

169
Q

What is the Vestibular Fossa?

A

Depression between the Vagina/Hymen and the Frenulum.

170
Q

What is the Labia Majora?

A

Outer Lips protecting the Vagina.

171
Q

What is the Sensory Innervation of the Anterior 1/3 Labia Majora?

A

Ilioinguinal Nerve

172
Q

What is the Vertebral Root for the Ilioinguinal Nerve?

A

L1

173
Q

What is the Sensory Innervation of the Posterior 2/3 Labia Majora?

A

Perineal Branch of the Pudendal Nerve

174
Q

What is the Vertebral Root for the Perineal Branch of the Pudendal Nerve?

A

S3

175
Q

What is the Labia Minora?

A

Inner Lips protecting the Vagina.

176
Q

What are the 2 Commissures of the Labia Majora?

A
  • Anterior Commissure

- Posterior Commissure

177
Q

What is the Vulval Vestibule and Which structures open into it?

A

Vulval Vestibule/Vestibule of Vagina:

  • Part of the Vulva between the Labia Minora
  • Into which the Urinary Meatus (urethral opening) and the Vaginal Opening (Introitus) open.
178
Q

What is the Introitus?

A

The Opening that leads to the Vaginal Canal.

179
Q

What is the Urethral Meatus?

A

Opening of the Female Urethra.

180
Q

Where is the Urethral Meatus located?

A

Located about 2.5 cm behind the Clitoris,

And immediately In Front of the Vagina in the Vulval Vestibule.

181
Q

What are the 3 Components of the Clitoris?

A
  1. Prepuce
  2. Glans
  3. Frenulum
182
Q

Where is the Erectile Tissue of the Clitoris?

A

The Crura and Body of the Clitoris are formed of Erectile Tissue.

183
Q

How do the Crura of the Clitoris form the Body?

A

The Clitoris consists of Two Crura,

Which unite to form the Body.

184
Q

How is the Body of the Clitoris related to the Glans?

A

The Body of the Clitoris is Curved, and Points Downwards.
It ends at the Glans,
Just in front of the point where the Labia Minora come together.

185
Q

Why is the Glans a Sensitive Area?

A

The Glans of the Clitoris is richly endowed with Sensory Nerve endings.

186
Q

What is the Blood Supply of the Vulva?

A

External Pudendal Artery

187
Q

How is the Sensory Innervation of the Vulva Split?

A

The Vulva gets Sensory Innervation Split into:

  • Anterior Section
  • Posterior Section
188
Q

What is the Anterior Section of Sensory Innervation of the Vulva?

A

Anterior Section:

  • Ilioinguinal Nerve
  • Arising from the Genital Branch Of The Genitofemoral Nerve
189
Q

What is the Vertebral Root for the Genital Branch Of Genitofemoral Nerve?

A

L1

190
Q

What is the Posterior Section of Sensory Innervation of the Vulva?

A

Posterior Section:

  • Pudendal Nerve
  • Arising from the Posterior Cutaneous Nerve Of The Thigh.
191
Q

What is the Vertebral Root for the Posterior Cutaneous Nerve Of Thigh?

A

S2 - S4

192
Q

What is a Caudal Block?

A

Caudal Nerve Epidural Block:

  • Occurs by inserting a Needle through the Sacral Hiatus,
  • To gain entrance into the Sacral Epidural Space or the Caudal Nerves.
193
Q

Why will a Caudal Block not completely Anesthetise the Vulva?

A

The nerves at a Higher Vertebral Level,
Such as the Nerves of the Anterior Section,
Wonโ€™t be Affected.

194
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Vulva?

A

Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes

195
Q

What is the Gartnerโ€™s Duct?

A

Vestigial remnant of the Mesonephric Duct (Wolffian Duct) in Females.

196
Q

What is a Gartnerโ€™s Duct Cyst?

A

A Gartnerโ€™s Duct Cyst is a Benign Vaginal Cyst that originates from the Gartnerโ€™s Duct,
They are typically Small Asymptomatic Cysts that occur along the Lateral Walls of the Vagina,
Following the course of the Duct.

197
Q

How does a Gartnerโ€™s Duct Cyst present?

A

They can present in Adolescence with Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation)
Or Difficulty Inserting a Tampon.

198
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Control of Sexual Arousal?

A

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerve

199
Q

What is the Sympathetic Control of Sexual Arousal?

A

Hypogastric Nerve

๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions