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๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ > 13. Head & Neck II > Flashcards

13. Head & Neck II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 regions that the nasal cavity is divided into?

A
  • olfactory region
  • respiratory region
  • nasal vestibule
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2
Q

What is the nose split by?

A
  • nasal septum (cartilage)
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3
Q

What are choanae?

A
  • openings at the back of the nose
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4
Q

Label this image

A
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5
Q

What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A
  • connection between the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone
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6
Q

What is the cell type found in the meatuses?

A
  • pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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7
Q

Label this image

+ find sphenoethmoidal recess

A
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8
Q

Label this image

A
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9
Q

What are the 4 cartilages of the nose?

A
  • nasal septal (lateral and septal processes)
  • Major alar (medial and lateral crus)
  • Minor alar
  • Alar fibrofatty tissue
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10
Q

Which structures open into the three meatuses?

A
  • superior : posterior ethmoidal sinus
  • middle : frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses
  • inferior : nasolacrimal duct, eustachian tube
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11
Q

What are the paired and unpaired bones that make up the nasal septum?

A
  • Paired bones: Nasal, maxillary and palatine bones.
  • Unpaired bones: Ethmoid and vomer bones.
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12
Q

What is the frontonasal duct?

A
  • connection between the frontal bone and nasal cavity
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13
Q

What does the frontonasal duct drain via?

A
  • the infundibulum between the superior and middle nasal concha
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14
Q

Label 1-25

A
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15
Q

What are the 6 ethmoidal structures?

A
  • Crista galli (attachment of the falx cerebri)
  • Cribriform plate (has all the olfactory nerves)
  • Perpendicular plate
  • Superior nasal concha
  • Middle nasal concha
  • Uncinate process
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16
Q

What is found on the lower part of the uncinate process?

A
  • opening into the maxillary sinus
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17
Q

Label this image

A
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18
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal canal open into?

A
  • inferior concha
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19
Q

Label this image

A
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20
Q

Label this image

A
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21
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain into?

A
  • ethmoidal
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22
Q

What is the only way in and out of the maxillary sinus?

A
  • uncinate process
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23
Q

If the maxillary sinus is inflamed then where can it caused pain?

A
  • referred pain along alveolar nerve
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24
Q

What is the cell type of the lining of the sinuses?

A
  • pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
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25
Q

What forms the medial walls of the orbits?

A
  • middle ethmoidal cells and the bulla ethmoidali
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26
Q

What does the perpendicular plate attach to?

A
  • vomer bone
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27
Q

Label this image

A
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28
Q

What muscle causes frowning and where is it?

A
  • procerus
  • between orbits
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29
Q

Where does the procerus attach?

A
  • onto the glabella
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30
Q

Where does the nasalis muscle run?

A
  • over the nasal bone
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31
Q

Label this image

A
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32
Q

Where is the nasalis muscle attached and what does it surround?

A
  • attached to the maxilla
  • surrounds the fibrofatty cartilage of the naris
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33
Q

What is the function of the levator muscle?

A
  • lift nose up (scrunch it/ addison rae)
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34
Q

What is the torus tubaris?

A
  • opening of the auditory tube which connects the middle ear cavity to the back of the nasopharynx
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35
Q

Label this image

A
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36
Q

What is the limen nasi?

A
  • ridge after the nasal vestibule
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37
Q

What is the semilunar hiatus?

A
  • space between the uncinate process and the ethmoid bulla
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38
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open?

A
  • inferior nasal meatus
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39
Q

Label this image

A
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40
Q

What is the foramen caecum and where is it found?

A
  • embryological remnant at the back of the tongue
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41
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil?

A
  • at the back of the tongue
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42
Q
A
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43
Q

What is the ethmoid supplied by?

A
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
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44
Q

Where do the ethmoidal arteries originate?

A
  • branches of opthalmic which originate from the circle of willis
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45
Q

What does the maxillary artery supply?

A
  • deep structures of the face, such as the mandible, maxilla, teeth, muscles of mastication, palate, nose
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46
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?

A
  • internal carotid
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47
Q

What is Littleโ€™s area?

A
  • An area on the nasal septum where branches of facial, maxillary and ophthalmic arteries anastomose
  • common site of โ€˜nose-bleedsโ€™
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48
Q

How is the oral cavity divided?

A
  1. oral vestibule (small space between lips and teeth)
  2. oral cavity proper (space between teeth and gums)
  3. oropharynx (C2-C3)
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49
Q

Behind which arch is the palatine tonsil located?

A

the palatoglossal arch

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50
Q

Label this image

A
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51
Q

What do the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches represent?

A

Projections of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal muscles

52
Q

What are the palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal muscles covered in?

A

mucus

53
Q

What does the palatopharyngeal arch represent?

A

Link between the oral cavity and oropharynx

54
Q

What is the posteroinferior projection of the soft palate and what does it do?

A

Uvula, moves upwards to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing (movement aided by palatopharyngeus muscle)

55
Q

What is the lingual frenulum and what does it do?

A

Fold of mucus membrane underneath the tongue

Anchors the tongue in the mouth and stabilizes its movements

The lips also have a frenulum which anchors them to the gum

56
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubrication
  • defense against pathogens
  • digestion (contains digestive enzymes like amylase and lipase)
57
Q

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva?

A

Submandibular (75% of total saliva(

58
Q

What is the location of the submandibular gland?

A

inferior to the mandibular body

59
Q

How does the submandibular gland drain into the oral cavity?

A

via the submandibular (Wharton) duct

60
Q

What stimulates salivary secretion?

A
  • Thoughts
  • smells
  • vision
  • taste
61
Q

what nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

Mandibular (V3) - branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

62
Q

Label

A
63
Q

How does the sublingual gland drain into the oral cavity?

A

Via 8-20 small ducts called Rivinus ducts (2% of total saliva)

64
Q

what is the location of the parotid gland?

A

On top of ramus of the mandible

65
Q

what nerve can get damaged by the removal of the salivary gland (esp parotid)?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) as it passes through the face, hence patient gets bellโ€™s palsy (temporary weakening and paralysis of side of face)

66
Q

Which salivary glands are 1, 2, and 3?

A

1) parotid gland
2) submandibular gland
3) sublingual gland

67
Q

What is the location of the tubal tonsils?

A

Located in the nasopharynx (C1-C2), posterior to the eustachian tube

68
Q

What are the tubal, pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine and lingual tonsils known as collectively?

A

Waldeyerโ€™s tonsillar ring

69
Q

How can adenoid tonsil cause an ear infection?

A

Infection travels through the eustachian tube to cause a middle ear infection

70
Q

Which papillae have taste buds?

A
  • Fungiform
  • Vallate
  • Foliate
71
Q

Which papillae only have sense functions?

A

Filiform papillae

72
Q

What does the terminal sulcus divide the tongue into?

A

Anterior 2/3

Posterior 1/3

73
Q

Where are the Fungiform papillae located?

A

Tips and sides of the tongue, contain taste buds

74
Q

Where are the foliate papillae located?

A

Sides and back of tongue, contain taste buds

75
Q

Where are the vallate papillae located?

A

In front of the terminal sulcus, contain taste buds

76
Q

Where are the filiform papillae?

A

Back of the tongue, no taste buds, just sense of touch

77
Q

Label

A
78
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Change the shape of the tongue during deglutition (swallowing) and phonation

79
Q

How are the fibres of the intrinsic tongue muscles named?

A

Named according to fibre direction

80
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Superior longitudinal lingual muscle
  • Verticalis lingual muscle (vertical fibres)
  • Transversus lingual muscle (transverse fibres)
  • Inferior longitudinal lingual muscle
81
Q

What do extrinsic lingual muscles do?

A

Attach the tongue to extrinsic regions of the palate and back of head and neck. Named according to the structures they attach to.

82
Q

Label this image

A
83
Q

what shape is the genioglossus muscle?

A

Fan-shaped, connecting the mandible to the tongue and hyoid bone.

Main muscle for sticking out the tongue

84
Q

What is the hyoglossus muscle attached to?

A

Hyoid bone inferiorly, tongue superiorly

85
Q

What does the styloglossus muscle connect?

A

Styloid process of temporal bone to the tongue

86
Q

Are the extrinsic lingual muscles paired or unpaired?

A

paired

87
Q

From which nerve do all lingual muscles receive their innervation (apart from one)?

A
  • The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
  • Except for the palatoglossus muscle (vagus nerve CN X)
88
Q

What nerve is required for sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve (Branch of the mandibular nerve V3)

89
Q

What nerve is required for taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympany (branch of the facial nerve CN VII)

90
Q

What nerve is required for taste and sensation in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

91
Q

Which artery is main source of blood for the tongue?

A

The lingual artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery

92
Q

What other structure may be found near the parotid duct not far from the buchal fat pad?

A

Accessory parotid gland

93
Q

What is the mental foramen?

A

A hole in the body of the mandible through which the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerves pass

94
Q

Label this image

A
95
Q

On what aspect of the mandibular body can the right and left mental tubercles be seen?

A

Anterior

96
Q

Label

A
97
Q

What was the mandibular symphysis originally?

A
  • During embryological development, the mandible developed as a right and left side joined together in the midline by thin fibrocartilage
  • By 1st or 2nd year of life this fibrocartilage becomes ossified into the mandibular symphysis
98
Q

What can be seen on the posterior aspect of the mandibular body?

A

Depressions marking the sublingual fosse (where the sublingual gland sits) and the submandibular fossa (where the submandibular gland sits)

Can see posterior aspect of the mandibular symphysis

99
Q

Label

A
100
Q

What does the temporomandibular joint consist of?

A

The condylar process of the mandible (mandibular ramus) articulating with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

101
Q

Why is the temporomandibular joint special?

A

It is a special hinge synovial joint in which there is not only backward and forwards motion but also side to side motion and up and down

102
Q

How does the temporomandibular joint differ from a typical hinge joint like knee or elbow?

A

There is side to side motion and up and down motion as well as just anterior and posterior as the TMJ is a modified hinge type of synovial joint

103
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?

A

Temporal fossa (depression along the temporal line)

104
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis muscle?

A

Coronoid process and ramus of the mandible

105
Q

What are the functions of the temporalis muscle?

A

Retraction and elevation of the mandible

106
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

Inferior border of the zygomatic arch

107
Q

What is the insertion of the masster muscle?

A

Inferior ramus and a bit of the mandibular body

108
Q

Label

A
109
Q

What is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A
  • posterior maxilla (superficial head)
  • medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone (deep head)
110
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle insert?

A

Medial surface of the ramus of mandible

111
Q

What is the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Elevation of mandible (protraction a little bit too) and lateral movement

112
Q

What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid muscles?

A
  • crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone (superior head)
  • lateral aspect of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone (inferior head)
113
Q

Where is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscles?

A

Neck of mandibular chondyle

114
Q

Label

A
115
Q

What is the origin of the superficial head of the medial pterygoid bone?

A

Posterior maxilla (maxillary tuberosity) and pyramidal process of palatine bone (not mentioned in lecture)

116
Q

What is the origin of the deep head of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone (and pyramidal process of sphenoid bone - not mentioned in lecture)

117
Q

What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid muscles?

A

Medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible

118
Q

Label

A
119
Q

Where do the lateral pterygoid muscles insert?

A

Neck of mandibular condyle

120
Q

Which muscles of mastication are involved in elevation of the mandible?

A
  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
121
Q

Which muscles of mastication are involved in lateral mandibular movements?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

122
Q

Which muscles of mastication are involved in protraction of mandible?

A

Mainly lateral pterygoid but also medial pterygoid

123
Q

Which muscles of mastication are involved in retraction of the mandible?

A

Temporalis muscle

124
Q

Which arteries โ€˜supplyโ€™ the muscles of mastication?

A

Branches of the maxillary artery:

  • Pterygoid artery
  • Deep anterior and posterior temporal artery
  • Masseteric artery
125
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication?

A

They are all branches of the mandibular nerve (V3):

  • Deep anterior and posterior temporal nerve
  • Masseteric nerve
  • Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle
  • Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle
126
Q
A

๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ (20 decks)

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