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๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ > 15. Lower Limb II > Flashcards

15. Lower Limb II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main bony features of the Distal Femur?

A
  1. Femoral Condyles
  2. Intercondylar Fossa
  3. Patellar Surface
  4. Femoral Epicondyles
  5. Adductor Tubercle
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2
Q

What are the 2 Femoral Condyles?

A

Lateral Femoral Condyles

Medial Femoral Condyles

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3
Q

What are the 2 Femoral Epicondyles?

A

Lateral Femoral Epicondyles

Medial Femoral Epicondyles

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4
Q

Which Muscle attaches to the Adductor Tubercle?

A

Adductor Magnus

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5
Q

What is the Adductor Hiatus,

Which Structures Pass through it?

A

Hiatus (Gap) between Adductor Magnus and the Femur.
Allows passage of Femoral Vessels:
- Femoral Artery
- Femoral Vein

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6
Q

What is a Common Cause of Supracondylar Fractures?

A

High Impact Trauma.

Fall on an Outstretched Elbow or a Direct Blow to the Elbow.

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7
Q

What are the main bony features of the Tibia?

A
  1. Tibial Condyle
  2. Intercondylar Eminence
  3. Intercondylar Tubercles
  4. Articular Facet for The Head of The Fibula
  5. Tibial Tuberosity
  6. Soleal Line
  7. Interosseous Border
  8. Medial Malleolus
  9. Fibular Notch
  10. Groove for Tibialis Posterior Tendon
  11. Groove for Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon
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8
Q

What are the 2 Tibial Condyles?

A

Lateral Tibial Condyle

Medial Tibial Condyle

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9
Q

What are the 2 Intercondylar Tubercles?

A

Lateral Intercondylar Tubercle

Medial Intercondylar Tubercle

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10
Q

Which Structures attach to the Intercondylar Eminence?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

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11
Q

How is the TIbia most commonly Fractured?

A
  • The Tibia is Fractured most commonly at its Narrowest Point: The Inferior 2/3
  • This Fracture is often a Compound Fracture,
    Where the Skin is Perforated and Blood Vessels are Torn.
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12
Q

What are the main bony features of the Fibula?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Head
  3. Neck
  4. Interosseous Border
  5. Lateral Malleolus
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13
Q

What are the 2 bony features of the Lateral Malleolus?

A

Malleolar Fossa of Lateral Malleolus

Articular Facet of Lateral Malleolus

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14
Q

Damage to which Nerve leads to Foot Drop Gait?

A

Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

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15
Q

What can cause Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve damage?

A

Fracture to the Fibular Neck

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16
Q

What are the main bony features of the Patella?

A
  1. Articular Surface
  2. Apex
  3. Base
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17
Q

In which direction does the Patella most commonly dislocate?

A

Laterally

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18
Q

What Factors help prevent Dislocation of the Patella?

A

Stability of Quadriceps Muscle Tendon and Patellar Tendon

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19
Q

What type of Joint is the Knee Joint?

A

Synovial Hinge Joint

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20
Q

What is the Knee joint formed by?

A

Formed by Articulations between the:

  • Patella
  • Femur
  • Tibia
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21
Q

Which Movements occur at the Knee Joint?

A

Flexion
Extension
Some Internal and External Rotation at Femoral - Tibial with Knee Flexed.

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22
Q

Which Muscles produce Extension at the Knee?

A

Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris

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23
Q

Which Muscles produce Flexion at the Knee?

A

Hamstrings:

  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
  • Biceps Femoris

Leg Muscles:

  • Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris
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24
Q

What is the main trade off at the Knee Joint?

A

In general Joint Mobility is priotitised at the expense of Joint Stability.

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25
Q

Where does the Iliotibial Tract continue from?

A

The Iliotibial Tract is a Longitudinal Fibrous Continuation of the Fascia Lata.

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26
Q

Which Muscle strengthens the Iliotibial Tract?

A

Strengthened Superoposteriorly by Fibres from the Gluteus Maximus.

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27
Q

What actions does the Iliotibial tract produce at the Hip?

A

Extension
Abduction
Lateral Rotation

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28
Q

What is the importance of the Iliotibial Tract in the Knee Joint?

A

Maintaining Knee Extension

Provides Lateral Stabilisation to the Knee Joint

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29
Q

Where does the Iliotibial Tract form a Muscular Sheath?

A

Forms a Sheath around the Tensor Fascia Lata Muscle.

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30
Q

What are the Ligaments that support the Knee Joint?

A
  1. Anterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL)
  2. Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (PCL)
  3. Fibular/Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
  4. Tibial/Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
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31
Q

What is a Tendon?

A

Tendons connect Muscle to Bone.

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32
Q

What is a Ligment?

A

Ligaments connect Bone to Bone.

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33
Q

Why is Patellar Tendon also called the Patellar Ligament?

A
  1. The Patellar Tendon/Ligament attaches the bottom of the Kneecap (Patella),
    To the top of the Shinbone (Tibia).
    • This is a Ligament that connects to two different bones, the Patella and the Tibia.
  2. The Superior Fibers of the Patellar Tendon/Ligament are continuous
    Over the front of the Patella with those of the Quadriceps Tendon.
    • So this is also a Tendon that connects a Muscle to a Bone,
      The Patella to the Quadriceps Muscles.
    • The Patella is attached to the Quadriceps Muscles by the Quadriceps Tendon.
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34
Q

Which movement of the Tibia does the ACL Resist?

A

Anterior Tibial Movement.

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35
Q

Which movement of the Tibia does the PCL Resist?

A

Posterior Tibial Movement.

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36
Q

What are the 2 Menisci in the Knee Joint?

A

Medial Menisci

Lateral Menisci

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37
Q

What is the role of the Menisci in the Knee Joint?

A

Shock Absorption and Reduce Friction between the Tibia and Femur.

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38
Q

Why are Tears of the Medial Meniscus more common,

Than Tears of the Lateral Meniscus?

A

The Medial Meniscus is more vulnerable to injury to due to its intimate attachment,
To the Medial Collateral Ligament.
The moveable Lateral Meniscus is less prone to tear except when the ACL is injured.

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39
Q

When are the Medial and Lateral Menisci Injured?

A

The Medial and Lateral Menisci are usually injured as a result of sudden Knee Flexion,
With a component of Knee Internal or External Rotation.

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40
Q

Which Ligaments of the Knee act to Limit Extension of the Knee?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL)
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

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41
Q

Which Ligaments of the Knee act to

prevent excessive Abduction and Adduction of the Knee?

A

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

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42
Q

Knee Reflex Test: Which Ligament is struck

and what Nerve Segments does it Test?

A

Patellar Ligament is struck.

Testing Nerve Roots: L2 - L4

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43
Q

What is meant by โ€˜Lockingโ€™ of the Knee?

A

When Knee is in Full Extension,

Femur Medially Rotates (slightly) on the Tibia to Lock in place.

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44
Q

Which structure is responsible for โ€˜Unlockingโ€™ the Knee?

A

Popliteus Muscle โ€˜Unlocksโ€™ the Knee.

By laterally rotating Femur on the Tibia in Flexion.

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45
Q

What is Housemaidsโ€™ Knee?

A

Prepatellar Bursitis:

- Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa from long periods of time kneeling.

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46
Q

What is Clergymanโ€™s Knee?

A

Infrapatellar Bursitis:

- Inflammation of infrapatellar bursa (one or both).

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47
Q

What is Haemarthrosis?

A

Blood in the Joint Space.

A common feature of Haemophilia

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48
Q

What is Arthroscopy?

A

Surgical procedure to diagnose and treat problems with Joints.
Repair of knee ligaments can be undertaken during this procedure.

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49
Q

What are the main Bones that make up the Ankle and Foot?

A
  1. Talus
  2. Calcaneus
  3. Navicular
  4. Cuboid
  5. Cuneiforms
  6. Metatarsals
  7. Phalanges
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50
Q

What are the 2 bony features of the Talus?

A

Trochlea

Lateral Process

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51
Q

What are the 2 bony features of the Calcaneus?

A

Calcaneal Tuberosity

Sustentaculum Tali

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52
Q

What are the 3 Cuneiform Bones?

A

Medial
Intermediate
Lateral

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53
Q

What Bones come Distal to the Tarsals?

A

Metatarsals (1 - 5)

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54
Q

What Bones come Distal to the Metatarsals?

A

Phalanges (1 - 5)

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55
Q

What can Phalanges be subdivided into?

A
  1. Proximal
  2. Middle
  3. Distal
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56
Q

What is unique about the Hallux (Big Toe)?

A

It doesnโ€™t have a Middle Phalanx

Only has Proximal and Distal Phalanges

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57
Q

What is the Main Complication

in Fractures in the Neck of the Talus?

A

Fractures of the neck of the Talus often interrupt the Blood Supply to the Talus,
So making the Body and Posterior Aspect of the Talus susceptible to Osteonecrosis,
Which may in turn lead to premature Osteoarthritis and require Extensive Surgery.

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58
Q

What is Hallux Valgus?

A

It is abnormal Valgus Alignment of the 1st Metatarsal and Phalanges of the Hallux.
The Hallux consists of the 1st Phalanges both Proximal and Distal.

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59
Q

How do Elderly with Hallux Valgus present?

A

Elderly individuals with Hallux Valgus may exhibit Less Stable gait patterns,
And Reduced Velocity and stride length when walking on an irregular surface.

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60
Q

What are Bunions and where are they most likely to occur?

A

A Bunion is a Bony Deformity of the Joint at the Base of the Big Toe.
They may cause Hallux Valgus.

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61
Q

Which Bones form the Ankle Joint?

A

Distal Tibia
Distal Fibula
Talus

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62
Q

What type of a Joint is the Ankle Joint?

A

Synovial Hinge Joint

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63
Q

What is the Anatomical Name for the Ankle Joint?

A

Talocrural Joint

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64
Q

What are the Ligaments that make up the Ankle Joint?

A
  1. Medial Collateral Ligament
  2. Anterior Talofibular
  3. Posterior Talofibular
  4. Calcaneofibular
  5. Anterior Tibiofibular
  6. Posterior Tibiofibular
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65
Q

What type of Injuries are Ankle Sprains?

A

Approximately 90% of all Ankle Sprains are Inversion Injuries.

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66
Q

Which Ankle Ligments are commonly affected by Inversion Injuries?

A

Excess inversion over stretches the Lateral Ligaments:

  • Anterior Talofibular
  • Posterior Talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
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67
Q

How does Bimalleolar Ankle (Pottโ€™s) Fracture occur?

A

Occurs after Forcible Foot Eversion often causing Tearing of the Medial Malleolus.
The Talus then moves laterally, shearing off the Lateral Malleolus,
Or breaking the Fibula superior to the Inferior Tibiofibular Joint.

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68
Q

What are the Joints of the Foot?

A
  1. Subtalar (Talocalcaneal Joint)
  2. Transverse Tarsal (midtarsal)
  3. Talocalcaneonavicular
  4. Calcaneocuboid
  5. Tarsometatarsal
  6. Metatarsophalangeal
  7. Interphalangeal
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69
Q

What Type of Joint is the Subtalar Joint?

A

Plane Synovial Joint

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70
Q

What movements take place at the Subtalar Joint?

A

Inversion

Eversion

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71
Q

How are the Bones of the Foot arranged?

A

The Bones of the Foot are arranged in Longitudinal and Transverse Arches.

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72
Q

Which parts of the Foot are in contact with the Ground?

A

In the Erect Position the:

  • Heel
  • Lateral Margin of the Foot
  • Ball of the Foot
  • Pads of the Toes
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73
Q

What are the Ligaments of the Foot?

A
  1. Short Plantar
  2. Long Plantar
  3. Plantar Calcaneonavicular (Spring)
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74
Q

What is the Function of the Ligaments of the Foot?

A

Play an important role in maintaining the Arches of the Foot.

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75
Q

What are the Arches of the Foot?

A

Medial Longitudinal
Lateral Longitudinal
Transverse

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76
Q

Which Arch is involved in Flat Feet/Pes Planus?

A

Medial Longitudinal Arch.

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77
Q

How does Flat Feet/Pes Planus occur?

A
  1. The Talus Bone gets displaced Medially and Distal from the Navicular Bone.
  2. This stretches the Plantar Calcaneonavicular (spring) Liament,
  3. And results in a Loss of Function of the Medial Longitudinal Arch.
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78
Q

What is Plantar Fasciitis (Fasciosis)?

A

Inflammation of the Plantar Fascia caused by Straining of the Plantar Aponeurosis.

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79
Q

Where does the Plantar Fasciitis cause Pain?

A

Pain on the Plantar Surface of the Heel

Pain on the Medial Aspect of the Foot.

80
Q

Where is there Point Tenderness in Plantar Fasciitis?

A

Proximal Attachment of the Aponeurosis to the Medial Tubercle of the Calcaneus.
And on the Medial Surface of the Calcaneus.

81
Q

Where does the Plantar Fascia originate from?

A

Medial Tubercle

Anterior Calcaneus

82
Q

What Risk Factors can cause Plantar Fasciitis?

A

Overuse Injury
Obesity
Achilles Tendon Tightness

83
Q

What are the Main Vessles found in the Popliteal Fossa?

A
  1. Popliteal Artery
  2. Popliteal Vein
  3. Lesser Saphenous Vein
84
Q

What are the Main Nerves found in the Popliteal Fossa?

A
  1. Common Fibular Nerve
  2. Tibial Nerve
  3. Sural Nerve
85
Q

What are the Boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
Lateral Medial Head of Gastrocnemius & Plantaris

86
Q

Which structure forms the Roof of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

Fascia Lata

87
Q

What forms the Floor of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

Popliteal Surface of The Femur
Capsule of The Knee Joint
Popliteus Muscle and its Fascia

88
Q 
In which order are the Structures of the 
Neurovascular Bundle (Medial to Lateral)?
A

A: Popliteal Artery
V: Popliteal Vein
N: Tibial Nerve
Common Fibular Nerve

89
Q

Where can the Sciatic Nerve Bifurcate?

A

In some people the Sciatic Nerve Bifurcates Superior to the Apex of the Popliteal Fossa.

90
Q

What is Compartment Syndrome?

A

The Strong Septa forming the boundaries of Leg Compartments Resist stretching.
When Extra Fluid is present (due to Muscular Haemorrhage, Oedema, or Inflammation),
Pressures within the Compartment Raise,
And structures within the Compartment become Compressed.

91
Q

What can be damaged in Compartment Syndome?

A

Structures Distal to the compressed area may become Ischaemic and Permanently Damaged.

92
Q

What can be done to treat Compartment Syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy:

  • Incision of a Fascial Septum
  • May be performed to relieve the Pressure in the Compartments concerned.
93
Q

What are the 2 sections of the Posterior Compartment

Muscles of the Leg?

A

SUPERFICIAL

DEEP

94
Q

List the Superficial Muscles of the Leg Posterior Compartment?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius

2. Soleus

95
Q

What are the Proximal Attachments of the Gastrocnemius?

A

Lateral Head:

  • Lateral Condyle
  • Posterior Surface of Femur

Medial Head:

  • Medial Condyle
  • Adjacent Part of Femur
96
Q

What are the Proximal Attachments of the Soleus?

A

Posterior Surface of the Head of the Fibula
Upper 1/3 of the Shaft of the Fibula
Middle 1/3 of the Medial Border of the Tibia
Tendinous Arch between Tibia and Fibula

97
Q

What is the Innervation of the

Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles?

A

Tibial Nerve

98
Q

Where do the Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles insert?

A

Both contribute to the Calcaneal Tendon (Achilles Tendon),

And through it Insert on the Calcaneus.

99
Q

What is the Action of the

Superficial Leg Posterior Compartment Muscles?

A

Plantarflexion of the Foot at the Ankle.

100
Q

List the Deep Muscles of the Leg Posterior Compartment?

A
  1. Plantaris
  2. Popliteus
  3. Flexor Digitorum Longus
  4. Flexor Hallucis Longus
  5. Tibialis Posterior
101
Q

What is the Plantaris Muscle?

A

This is a Vestigial Muscle (similar in form to Palmaris Longus)
That is absent in 10 - 20% of people.

102
Q

What is the Origin of the Popliteus Muscle?

A

Originates from the lateral condyle of the femur and the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus.

103
Q

What is the Insertion of the Popliteus Muscle?

A

it runs inferomedially towards the tibia and inserts above the origin of the soleus muscle.

104
Q

What is the Action of the Popliteus Muscle?

A

Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia โ€“ โ€˜unlockingโ€™ the knee joint so that flexion can occur.

105
Q

What is the Innervation of the Popliteus Muscle?

A

Tibial Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L5, S1

106
Q

What is the Origin of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Originates from the medial surface of the tibia,

107
Q

What is the Insertion of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

attaches to the plantar surfaces of the lateral four digits.

108
Q

What is the Action of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Flexes the lateral four toes.

109
Q

What is the Innervation of the Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Tibial Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L5, S1

110
Q

What is the Origin of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Originates from the posterior surface of the fibula

111
Q

What is the Insertion of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

attaches to the plantar surface of the phalanx of the great toe.

112
Q

What is the Action of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Flexes the great toe (Hallux)

113
Q

What is the Innervation of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Tibial Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L5, S1

114
Q

What is the Origin of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?

A

Originates from the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula, and posterior surfaces of the two bones.

115
Q

What is the Insertion of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?

A

The tendon enters the foot posterior to the medial malleolus, and attaches to the plantar surfaces of the medial tarsal bones.

116
Q

What is the Action of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?

A

Inverts and plantarflexes the foot, maintains the medial arch of the foot.

117
Q

What is the Innervation of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle?

A

Tibial Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L5, S1

118
Q

What is the Common Action

of the Deep Posterior Compartment Muscles?

A

Plantar Flexion of the Foot.

119
Q

Which Artery provides the Principal Blood Supply

to the Leg Posterior Compartment?

A

Posterior Tibial Artery

120
Q

What are the Terminal Divisions of the Posterior Tibial Artery?

A
  • Medial Plantar Arteries

- Lateral Plantar Arteries

121
Q

What is the relationship of the Tendons of the 3 Deep Muscles
to the Medial Malleolus?

A

They pass Posteriorly to the Medial Malleolus,

Under the Flexor Retinaculum in the Tarsal Tunnel.

122
Q

What is the order of the 3 Deep Tendons behind the Medial Malleolus,
from Anterior to Posterior?

A

T - TOM: Tibialis Posterior
D - DICK: Flexor Digitorum Longus
H - HARRY: Flexor Hallucis Longus

123
Q

What is the order of the 3 Deep Tendons and Neurovascular Structures
behind the Medial Malleolus, from Anterior to Posterior?

A 
T - TOM: Tibialis Posterior 
D - DICK: Flexor Digitorum Longus
A - AND: Artery (Posterior Tibial Artery)
V - VERY: Vein (Posterior Tibial Vein)
N - NERVOUS: Nerve (Tibial Nerve)
H - HARRY: Flexor Hallucis Longus
124
Q

List the Muscles of the Leg Lateral Compartment?

A
  1. Fibularis Longus

2. Fibularis Brevis

125
Q

What is the Origin of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?

A

Superior and Lateral Surface of the Fibula

Lateral Tibial Condyle

126
Q

What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?

A

Medial Cuneiform

Base of Metatarsal I

127
Q

What is the Action of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?

A

Eversion of the Foot
Plantarflexion of the Foot
Supports the Lateral and Transverse Arches of the Foot.

128
Q

What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Longus Muscle?

A 
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
129
Q

What is the Origin of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?

A

Inferolateral Surface of the Fibular Shaft

130
Q

What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?

A

Tubercle on Metatarsal V

131
Q

What is the Action of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?

A

Eversion of the Foot

132
Q

What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle?

A 
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
Nerve Roots: L4 - S1
133
Q

What are Retinacula?

A

Thickenings of Tissue underneath your Skin that serve to bind down Tendons of Muscles.

134
Q

What do Retinacula prevent?

A

Bind down Tendons of Muscles so they donโ€™t โ€œbowstringโ€ at certain joints,
Meaning pop up when the joint is Flexed or Extended.

135
Q

Which structure do the Tendons of the Fibularis Longus and Brevis
pass Posterior to?

A

Lateral Malleolus.

136
Q

Which Nerves does the Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

Bifurcate into?

A
  1. Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

2. Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

137
Q 
What is the Sensory Innervation from the 
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
A

Skin of the:

  • Anterolateral Leg
  • Dorsum of the Foot (except the Skin between the First and Second Toes).
138
Q 
What is the Motor Innervation from the 
Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?
A

Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg:

  • Fibularis Longus
  • Fibularis Brevis
139
Q

What is the Action of the Muscles of the Lateral Leg Compartment?

A

These Muscles act to Evert the Foot.

140
Q

What is the Sensory Innervation from the Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?

A

Skin between the First and Second Toes.

141
Q

What is the Motor Innervation from the Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?

A
  1. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg:
    • Tibialis Anterior
    • Extensor Digitorum Longus
    • Extensor Hallucis Longus.
  2. Some Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
142
Q

What is the Action of the Muscles of the Anterior Leg Compartment?

A

These Muscles act to Dorsiflex the Foot and Extend the digits

143
Q

Which Cutaneous Branches does the Common Fibular Nerve supply?

A

2 Cutaneous Branches that move over the Lateral Head of Gastrocnemius:

  1. Sural Communicating Nerve: Posterolateral Lower Leg.
  2. Lateral Sural Nerve: Upper Lateral Leg.
144
Q

What is the relationship of the Common Fibular Nerve

to the Head and Neck of the Fibula?

A

The Nerve can be Palpated:

  • Behind the Head of the Fibula
  • As it winds around the Neck of the Fibula.
145
Q

Which Compartments can be damaged by Fractures

of the Head and Neck of the Fibula?

A

Anterior Leg Compartment

Lateral Leg Compartment

146
Q

List the Muscles of the Leg Anterior Compartment?

A
  1. Tibialis Anterior
  2. Extensor Digitorum Longus
  3. Extensor Hallucis Longus
  4. Fibularis Tertius
147
Q

What is different about the Deep Facsia over the Anterior Compartment?

A

Deep Fascia over the Anterior Compartment of the Leg is very Thick and Strong.
This is why Compartment Syndrome commonly occurs in this Comparment.

148
Q

What is the Origin of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?

A

Lateral Surface of the Tibia

149
Q

What is the Insertion of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?

A

Medial Cuneiform

Base of Metatarsal I

150
Q

What is the Action of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

151
Q

What is the Innervation of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

152
Q

What is Tibialis Anterior Strain (Shin Splints) and How does it occur?

A

Muscles in the Anterior Compartment (especially Tibialis Anterior) Swell from sudden Overuse,
Oedema and Muscle Tendon Inflammation reduce the Blood Flow to the Muscles.
May occur due to Traumatic Injury.
Or athletic overexertion of Muscles in the Anterior Compartment.

153
Q

What is the Origin of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Lateral Condyle of the Tibia

Medial Surface of the Fibula

154
Q

What is the Insertion of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Tendon splits into 4 Tendons,

Each inserting onto one of the Lateral 4 Toes.

155
Q

What is the Action of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Extension of the Lateral Four Toes,

Dorsiflexion of the Foot.

156
Q

What is the Innervation of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

157
Q

What is the Origin of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Medial Surface of the Fibular Shaft

158
Q

What is the Insertion of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Base of the Distal Phalanx of the Hallux

159
Q

What is the Action of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot

160
Q

What is the Innervation of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

161
Q

What is the Origin of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?

A

Medial Surface of the Fibula

162
Q

What is the Insertion of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?

A

Metatarsal V

163
Q

What is the Action of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?

A

Eversion of the Foot

Dorsiflexion of the Foot

164
Q

What is the Innervation of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

165
Q

What does the Anterior Tibial Artery continue as on the Foot?

A

Continues as the Dorsalis Pedis Artery on the Dorsum of the Foot.

166
Q

What is the Dorsalis Pedis Artery?

A

Major Artery that Supplies the Forefoot.

167
Q

Where is the Dorsalis Pedis Artery located?

A

Located on the Dorsum of the Foot,

Just Deep to the Inferior Extensor Retinaculum.

168
Q

Between which Tendons does the Dorsalis Pedis lie?

A

Between Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon,

And Medial Tendon of the Extensor Digitorum Longus.

169
Q

What are the Two Muscles on the Dorsal Aspect of the Foot?

A

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

170
Q

What is the Origin of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Calcaneus

171
Q

What is the Insertion of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Proximal Phalanx of the Hallux

Long Extensor Tendons of Toes 2 - 4

172
Q

What is the Action of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Aids the Extensor Digitorum Longus in extending the Medial 4 Toes.
At the Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints.

173
Q

What is the Innervation of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

174
Q

What is the Origin of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Calcaneus

175
Q

What is the Insertion of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Hallux

176
Q

What is the Action of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Aids the Extensor Hallucis Longus in extending the Hallux at the Metatarsophalangeal Joint.

177
Q

What is the Innervation of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

178
Q

What Nerve supplies the Extensors of the Foot?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

179
Q

What are the 4 Muscular Layers of The Foot?

A

1st Layer (Superficial)
2nd Layer
3rd Layer
4th Layer (Deep)

180
Q

What Muscles are in the 1st Muscular Layer of The Foot?

A
  1. Abductor Hallucis
  2. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  3. Abductor Digiti Minimi
181
Q

What is the Action of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle?

A

Abducts Hallux

Flexes Hallux

182
Q

What is the Innervation of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle?

A

Medial Plantar Nerve

Nerve Roots: L5 - S1

183
Q

What is the Action of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Flexes Lateral Four Digits

184
Q

What is the Innervation of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle?

A

Medial Plantar Nerve

Nerve Roots: L5 - S1

185
Q

What is the Action of the Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle?

A

Abducts 5th Digit

Flexes 5th Digit

186
Q

What is the Innervation of the Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle?

A

Lateral Plantar Nerve

Nerve Roots: S1 - S2

187
Q

What Muscles are in the 2nd Muscular Layer of The Foot?

A
  1. 4 Lumbricals

2. Quadratus Plantae

188
Q

What is the Action of the 4 Lumbricals and Quadratus Plantae Muscles?

A

Assist Flexor Digitorum Longus

189
Q

What Muscles are in the 3rd Muscular Layer of The Foot?

A

2 Flexors:

  1. Hallucis Brevis
  2. Digiti Minimi Brevis1 Adductor:
  3. Adductor Hallucis
190
Q

What is the Action of the Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Flexes Great Toe (Hallux)

191
Q

What is the Action of the Digiti Minimi Brevis Muscle?

A

Flexes 5th Digit

192
Q

What is the Action of the Adductor Hallucis Muscle?

A

Adducts Great Toe (Hallux)

193
Q

What Muscles are in the 4th Muscular Layer of The Foot?

A

Plantar Interossei

  • 4 Dorsal
  • 3 Plantar
194
Q

What is the Action of the Hallucis Brevis Muscle?

A

Tendons of Fibularis Longus and Tibialis Posterior

195
Q

What is the Innervation of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot?

A

Medial Plantar Nerves (L5 - S1)

Lateral Plantar Nerves (S1 - S2)

196
Q

Where do the Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves come from?

A

Form the 2 Terminal divisions of the Tibial Nerve.

197
Q

Which Arches does the Plantar Aponeurosis stabilise?

A

It stabilises the Longitudinal and Transverse Arches of the Foot.
During normal walking acts to Prevent the Calcaneus from Everting and Improves Traction

๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ (20 decks)

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