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14. Lower Limb I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Bones that make up the Hip?

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis
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2
Q

Where do the 3 Bones of the Hip meet?

A

Acetabulum

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3
Q

Which cartilage separates the Hip bones at Puberty?

A

Tri - Radiate Cartilage

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4
Q

What type of Joint is the Hip joint?

A

Synovial Ball and Socket Joint

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5
Q

What are the main bony features of the Acetabulum?

A
  1. Acetabular Notch
  2. Acetabular Fossa
  3. Lunate Surface
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6
Q

What is the function of the Lunate Surface?

A

The Lunate Surface articulates with the Head of the Femur to form the Hip Joint.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Acetabular Fossa?

A

The Acetabular Fossa deepens the Ball and Socket Joint,
And contains the Ligament of the Head of the Femur,
This is the Round Ligament of the Femur.

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8
Q

What does the Round Ligament of the Femur contain?

A

The Acetabular Branch of the Obturator Artery.

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9
Q

What are the main bony features of the Ilium?

A
  1. Iliac Crest:
  2. Wing (Ala) Of Ilium
  3. Gluteal Lines:
  4. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
  5. Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
  6. Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
  7. Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
  8. Greater Sciatic Notch
  9. Wing (Ala) Of Ilium
  10. Iliac Fossa
  11. Iliac Tuberosity
  12. Auricular Surface (For Sacrum)
  13. Body Of Ilium
  14. Arcuate Line
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10
Q

What are the components of the Iliac Crest?

A
  • Tuberculum
  • Outer Lip
  • Inner Lip
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11
Q

What are the 3 Gluteal Lines?

A
  1. Anterior Gluteal Line
  2. Posterior Gluteal Line
  3. Inferior Gluteal Line
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12
Q

Which muscle attaches to the ASIS?

A

Sartorius

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13
Q

What is the Vertebral level of

the highest point of the Iliac Crest?

A

L4

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14
Q

What is the Vertebral Level of the PSIS?

A

Between S1/S2

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15
Q

Which Muscle passes through the Greater Sciatic Notch?

A

Piriformis

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16
Q

Which Vessels pass through the Greater Sciatic Notch?

A

Internal Pudendal Vessels
Superior Gluteal Vessels
Inferior Gluteal Vessels

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17
Q

Which Nerves pass through the Greater Sciatic Notch?

A 
Sciatic Nerve
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves 
Nerve to Obturator Internus 
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
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18
Q 
Which Bony landmark is important for locating 
the Appendix (McBurney's Point)?
A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

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19
Q

What are the main bony features of the Pubis?

A
  1. Iliopubic Eminence
  2. Superior Pubic Ramus
  3. Inferior Pubic Ramus
  4. Pecten Pubis (Pectineal Line)
  5. Pubic Tubercle
  6. Symphyseal Surface
  7. Obturator Crest
  8. Obturator Groove
  9. Pubic Tubercle
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20
Q

Which Ligament attaches to the Pubic Tubercle?

A

Inguinal Ligament

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21
Q

What are the main bony features of the Ischium?

A
  1. Ischial Spine
  2. Lesser Sciatic Notch
  3. Body Of Ischium
  4. Ischial Tuberosity
  5. Ischial Spine
  6. Lesser Sciatic Notch
  7. Ramus Of Ischium
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22
Q

What is the Ischial Tuberosity?

A

The Bony Portion of the Hip that we sit on.

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23
Q

Which structures attach to the Lower Part of the

Ischial Tuberosity?

A

Adductor Magnus

Sacrotuberous Ligament

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24
Q

Which structures attach to the Upper Part of the

Ischial Tuberosity?

A

Semimembranosus Muscle
Long Head of Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus Muscle

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25
Q

Which Vessels pass through the Lesser Sciatic Notch?

A

Internal Pudendal Vessels

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26
Q

Which Nerve passes through the Lesser Sciatic Notch?

A

Nerve to Obturator Internus

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27
Q

What are the main bony features of the Femur?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Fovea For Ligament Of Femur Head
  4. Greater Trochanter
  5. Lesser Trochanter
  6. Intertrochanteric Crest
  7. Intertrochanteric Line (Quadrate Tubercle)
  8. Pectineal Line
  9. Gluteal Tuberosity
  10. Linea Aspera
  11. Nutrient Foramen
  12. Shaft (Body)
  13. Popliteal Surface
  14. Patellar Surface
  15. Medial Condyle
  16. Lateral Condyle
  17. Medial Epicondyle
  18. Lateral Epicondyle
  19. Lateral Supracondylar Line
  20. Medial Supracondylar Line
  21. Intercondylar Fossa
  22. Adductor Tubercle
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28
Q

What are the 2 Lips of the Linea Aspera?

A
  • Medial Lip

- Lateral Lip

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29
Q

Which Muscles attach to the Greater Trochanter?

A 
Gluteus Medius
Obturator Externus
Obturator Internus
Superior Gemellus 
Inferior Gemellus
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30
Q

Which Muscles attach to the Lesser Trochanter?

A

Psoas Major

Iliopsoas

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31
Q

Which Ligament attaches Superior

to the Intertrochanteric Line?

A

Iliofemoral Ligament

One of strongest Ligaments in the body

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32
Q

Which 2 Quadriceps Femoris Muscles attach

to the Linea Aspera?

A
  1. Vastus Medialis: Attaches to the Medial Lip

2. Vastus Lateralis: Attaches to the Lateral Lip

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33
Q

List the Major Ligaments in the Hip Joint:

A
  1. Fibrous Joint Capsule
  2. Iliofemoral Ligament
  3. Pubofemoral Ligament
  4. Ischiofemoral Ligament
  5. Transverse Acetabular Ligament
  6. Ligamentum Teres Femoris
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34
Q

What are the attachments of the Fibrous Capsule at the Hip?

A

Hip:

  • Acetabular Margin
  • Labrum
  • Transverse Acetabular Ligament
  • Obturator Foramen
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35
Q

What are the attachments of the Fibrous Capsule at the Femur?

A

Femur:

  • Intertrochanteric Line
  • Intertrochanteric Crest.
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36
Q

What is the Shape of the Iliofemoral Ligament?

A

It is Y - Shaped

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37
Q

What is the role of the Iliofemoral Ligament in Posture?

A

Maintains posture without need for Muscular Activity.
When standing the Ligament is Twisted and Tense,
Preventing trunk from falling backwards.

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38
Q

How does the Iliofemoral Ligament facilitate Hip Flexion?

A

Hip Flexion:
Ligament Tension reduced
Hip Mobility increased.

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39
Q

Which movements does the Transverse Part of the

Iliofemoral Ligament control?

A

Lateral Rotation

Adduction

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40
Q

What movement is limited by the Descending Part of the

Iliofemoral Ligament?

A

Medial Rotation is limited

by the Descending Part.

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41
Q

How is the Femoral Head attached to the Transverse Acetabular
Ligmament?

A

Femoral Head is attached to the Transverse Acetabular Ligament.
By the Ligamentum Teres Femoris (Ligment of the Head of the Femur).

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42
Q

What Deepens the Acetabulum?

A

Acetabulum is Deepened by the Acetabular Labrum.

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43
Q

What structure runs within the Ligamentum Teres?

A

Acetabular Branch of the Obturator Artery.

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44
Q

Which Arteries supply the Head and Neck of the Femur?

A

Inferior Gluteal Artery
Deep Femoral (Profunda Femoris) Artery
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

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45
Q

How do Arteries supply the Head and Neck of the Femur?

A

Via the Cruciate Anastomosis.

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46
Q

What is the main contributor to the Head and Neck of the Femur?

A

Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery.

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47
Q

What condition is the Hip Joint susceptible to?

A

Osteoarthritis

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48
Q

How can Pelvic Fractures occur?

A 
Direct Trauma (automobile accident/crush injuries) 
Forces transmitted by Lower Limbs during falls on the feet.
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49
Q

What is the nature of Fractures of the Bony Pelvis?

A

Fractures of the Bony Pelvic Ring are almost always Multiple Fractures
Or a Fracture combined with a Joint Dislocation.

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50
Q

What are the weak areas of the Pelvis that often Fracture?

A

Pubic Rami
Acetabula
Sacroiliac Joints
Alae of the ilia

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51
Q

What are Broken Hips in the Elderly often referring to?

A

Femoral Neck Fracture

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52
Q

Which group is more susceptible to Femoral Neck Fracture?

A

Women over 60 years more than Men,

Because Bones in Females are more frequently weakened by Osteoporosis.

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53
Q

What are the 2 types of Femoral Neck Fracture

Give Examples of each?

A
  1. Intracapsular Fractures:
    • Femoral Head Fracture
    • Femoral Neck Fracture
  2. Extracapsular Fractures:
    • Intertrochanteric Fracture
    • Subtrochanteric Fracture
    • Femoral Shaft Fracture
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54
Q

Which other structure is vulnerable to injury from

Femoral Neck Fractures?

A

Retinacular Arteries run parallel to the Femoral Neck,

Making them vulnerable to injury when the neck of the Femur Fractures.

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55
Q

Why do Femoral Neck Fractures need to be assessed quickly?

A

As increased risk of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head.

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56
Q

What are the Boundaries of the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Superior: Iliac Crest
  2. Inferior: Gluteal Fold (Bottom Of Bum)
  3. Lateral: Greater Trochanter
  4. Medial: Intergluteal Cleft (Bum Crack)
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57
Q

What are the Muscles of the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Gluteus Medius
  3. Piriformis
  4. Superior Gemelli
  5. Inferior Gemelli
  6. Obturator Internus Tendon
  7. Quadratus Femoris
  8. Obturator Externus
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58
Q

What is the Origin of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle?

A

Hip:
Posterior Gluteal Line of Ilium Sacrum and Coccyx
And Sacrotuberous Ligament.

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59
Q

What is the Insertion of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle?

A

Femur:
Gluteal Tuberosity
And Iliotibial Tract

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60
Q

What is the Action of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle?

A

Hip Extension
External Rotation
(Helps in Rising from Sitting)

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61
Q

What are the Nerve Roots of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle?

A

L5, S1 & S2 Nerve Roots

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62
Q

What is the Action of the Gluteus Medius Muscle?

A

Abducts Femur at the Hip
Internal Hip Rotation
Aids in Early Hip Flexion

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63
Q

What is the Innervation of the Gluteus Medius Muscle?

A

Superior Gluteal

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

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64
Q

What is the Action of the Gluteus Minimus Muscle?

A

Abducts Femur at the Hip
Internal Hip Rotation
Early Hip Flexion

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65
Q

What is the Innervation of the Gluteus Minimus Muscle?

A

Superior Gluteal

Nerve Roots: L4 - S1

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66
Q

What are the Ligaments of the Gluteal Region?

A
  1. Sacrotuberous Ligament

2. Sacrospinous Ligament

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67
Q

What Foramen is formed by the Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous?

A

Greater Sciatic Foramen

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68
Q

What is the function of the Sacrotuberous Ligament?

A

Important in preventing Body Weight from Rotating the Pelvic Girdle Forwards.

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69
Q

Which Surgical Procedure is associated with the Sacrospinous?

A

Correcting Vaginal Prolapse

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70
Q

Which important Neurovascular structures emerge from

The Greater Sciatic Foramen?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerves and Vessels Superior to Piriformis

Inferior Gluteal Nerves and Vessels Inferior to Piriformis.

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71
Q

How is the Sciatic Nerve related to the Piriformis?

A

Sciatic Nerve lays Inferior to Piriformis,

Though in 12% of people, the Common Fibular Portion may exit through the Muscle.

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72
Q

What are the Short Rotator Muscles of the Hip?

A
  1. Piriformis
  2. Superior Gemellus
  3. Obturator Internus
  4. Inferior Gemellus
  5. Quadratus Femoris
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73
Q

What are the Actions of the Short Rotator Muscles of the Hip?

A

Laterally Rotate
Extend Thigh
Help Abduction

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74
Q

What is the Action of the Quadratus Femoris?

A

This Muscle helps laterally Rotate Thigh.

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75
Q

What is the Action of the Obturator Externus?

A

Lateral Rotation.

76
Q

Who is most susceptible to Sciatic Nerve Injury?

A

People involved in sports that require excessive use of Gluteal Muscles.

77
Q

What is the role of the Piriformis in Sciatic Nerve Injury?

A
  • 50% of Sciatic Injury indicate Trauma to the Buttock associated with Hypertrophy
    and Spasm of Piriformis.
  • In 12% of people, the Common Fibular Division of the Sciatic Nerve passes through
    Piriformis allowing the muscle to compress the Nerve.
78
Q

Why is the Gluteal Region used to administer Injections?

A

The Muscles are Thick and Large

Providing a Large Surface Area for Drug Absorption.

79
Q

What is the Anterior Thigh Compartment?

A
  1. Tensor Fasciae Latae
  2. Sartorius
  3. Iliopsoas
  4. Quadriceps Femoris
80
Q

Which Muscles make up the Iliopsoas?

A
  1. Iliacus

2. Psoas Major

81
Q

Which Muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris?

A
  1. Rectus Femoris
  2. Vastus Lateralis
  3. Vastus Intermedius
  4. Vastus Medialis
82
Q

What action do the Anterior Thigh Compartment Muscles have?

A

Flexion of the Thigh at the Hip.

83
Q

What is the Innervation of the Anterior Thigh Compartment?

A

Femoral Nerve

Spina Segments: L2 - L4

84
Q

What is the Inferior Attachment Point of the Iliopsoas Muscle?

A

Iliopsoas inserts on the Lesser Trochanter

85
Q

What is the Action of the Iliopsoas Muscle?

A

Hip Flexion

86
Q

When the Femoral Neck is broken,

How may contraction of Iliopsoas externally rotate the Hip?

A

When Femoral Neck is broken,
The Lesser Trochanter is Pulled Up and Lateral,
Causing characteristic External Rotation of the Hip.

87
Q

Which Quadriceps Muscles attach onto the Patella?

A

All of the Quadriceps Muscles
Except the most Inferior Muscle: Vastus Medialis,
Insert directly into the Patella.

88
Q

What Tendon attaches the Quadriceps onto the Patella?

A

Quadriceps Tendon

89
Q

Where does the Vastus Medialis insert?

A

Muscle Fibres attached to Medial Aspect of Patella.

90
Q

What condition is the Vastus Medialis linked to?

A

Linked with Patellofemoral Pain.

91
Q

What is the Origin of the Sartorius Muscle?

A

Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine

92
Q

What is the Insertion of the Sartorius Muscle?

A

attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia

93
Q

What is the Action of the Sartorius Muscle?

A

At the hip joint, it is a flexor, abductor and lateral rotator. At the knee joint, it is also a flexor.

94
Q

What is the Innervation of the Sartorius Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3

95
Q

What is the Origin of the Iliacus Muscle?

A

iliacus originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis

96
Q

What is the Insertion of the Iliacus Muscle?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur.

97
Q

What is the Action of the Iliacus Muscle?

A

Flexes the thigh at the hip joint.

98
Q

What is the Innervation of the Iliacus Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3

99
Q

What is the Origin of the Psoas Major Muscle?

A

originates from the lumbar vertebrae

100
Q

What is the Insertion of the Psoas Major Muscle?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur.

101
Q

What is the Action of the Psoas Major Muscle?

A

Flexes the thigh at the hip joint.

102
Q

What is the Innervation of the Psoas Major Muscle?

A

anterior rami of L1-3

103
Q

What is the Origin of the Rectus Femoris Muscle?

A

Originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine and the area of the ilium immediately superior to the acetabulum

104
Q

What is the Insertion of the Rectus Femoris Muscle?

A

attaches to the patella via the quadriceps femoris tendon.

105
Q

What is the Action of the Rectus Femoris Muscle?

A

flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends at the knee joint.

106
Q

What is the Innervation of the Rectus Femoris Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

107
Q

What is the Origin of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle?

A

Originates from the greater trochanter and the lateral lip of linea aspera.

108
Q

What is the Insertion of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle?

A

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

109
Q

What is the Action of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle?

A

Extends the knee joint and stabilises the patella.

110
Q

What is the Innervation of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

111
Q

What is the Origin of the Vastus Intermedius Muscle?

A

Anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft.

112
Q

What is the Insertion of the Vastus Intermedius Muscle?

A

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

Lateral Margin of Patella

113
Q

What is the Action of the Vastus Intermedius Muscle?

A

Extends the knee joint and stabilises the patella

114
Q

What is the Innervation of the Vastus Intermedius Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

115
Q

What is the Origin of the Vastus Medialis Muscle?

A

The intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera.

116
Q

What is the Insertion of the Vastus Medialis Muscle?

A

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

Lateral Margin of Patella

117
Q

What is the Action of the Vastus Medialis Muscle?

A

Extends the knee joint and stabilises the patella, particularly due to its horizontal fibres at the distal end.

118
Q

What is the Innervation of the Vastus Medialis Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

119
Q

What is the Medial Thigh Compartment?

A
  1. Pectineus: Also Anterior Compartment
  2. Gracilis
  3. Adductor Longus
  4. Adductor Brevis
  5. Adductor Magnus
  6. Obturator Externus
120
Q

Which Muscle is also considered a part of the Medial Compartment?

A

Semimembranosus Muscle

121
Q

Why is the Pectineus also a part of the Anterior Compartment?

A

It is innervated by the Femoral Nerve.

122
Q

What action do the Medial Thigh Compartment Muscles have?

123
Q

What is the Innervation of the Medial Thigh Compartment?

A

Obturator Nerve
Spinal Segments: L2 - L4 (Most Muscles)

Sciatic Nerve
Spinal Segments: L4 - S1 (Adductor Magnus)

124
Q

Which Medial Thigh Compartment Muscle

receives Innervation from two different Nerves?

A

Adductor Magnus:

  • Obturator Nerve Innervation
  • Sciatic Nerve Innervation.
125
Q

What links the Obturator and Femoral Nerves?

A

Both carry Neurons from the Same Spinal Segments.

126
Q

What is the Origin of the Pectineus Muscle?

A

the pectineal line on the anterior surface of the pelvis,

127
Q

What is the Insertion of the Pectineus Muscle?

A

pectineal line on the posterior side of the femur, just inferior to the lesser trochanter.

128
Q

What is the Action of the Pectineus Muscle?

A

Adduction and flexion at the hip joint.

129
Q

What is the Innervation of the Pectineus Muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve.
Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

May also receive a branch from the obturator nerve.

130
Q

What is the Origin of the Gracilis Muscle?

A

inferior rami of the pubis, and the body of the pubis

131
Q

What is the Insertion of the Gracilis Muscle?

A

medial surface of the tibia

132
Q

What is the Action of the Gracilis Muscle?

A

Adduction of the thigh at the hip, and flexion of the leg at the knee.

133
Q

What is the Innervation of the Gracilis Muscle?

A

Obturator Nerve

Nerve Roots: L2, L3

134
Q

What is the Origin of the Adductor Longus Muscle?

135
Q

What is the Insertion of the Adductor Longus Muscle?

A

attaching broadly to the linea aspera of the femur

136
Q

What is the Action of the Adductor Longus Muscle?

A

Adduction of the thigh.

Medial Rotation

137
Q

What is the Innervation of the Adductor Longus Muscle?

A

Obturator Nerve: Anterior Division

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

138
Q

What is the Origin of the Adductor Brevis Muscle?

A

body of pubis and inferior pubic rami

139
Q

What is the Insertion of the Adductor Brevis Muscle?

A

the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur, proximal to the adductor longus.

140
Q

What is the Action of the Adductor Brevis Muscle?

A

Adduction of the thigh.

Medial Rotation

141
Q

What is the Innervation of the Adductor Brevis Muscle?

A

Obturator Nerve

Nerve Roots: L2, L3

142
Q

What is the Origin of the Adductor Magnus: Adductor Part?

A

Ischiopubic Ramus

143
Q

What is the Insertion of the Adductor Magnus: Adductor Part?

A

inferior rami of the pubis and the rami of ischium

144
Q

What is the Innervation of the Adductor Magnus: Adductor Part?

A

Obturator Nerve

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

145
Q

What is the Origin of the Adductor Magnus: Hamstring Part?

A

Ischial Tuberosity

146
Q

What is the Insertion of the Adductor Magnus: Hamstring Part?

A

adductor tubercle and medial supracondylar line of the femur

147
Q

What is the Innervation of the Adductor Magnus: Hamstring Part?

A

Sciatic Nerve: Tibial Division

Nerve Roots: L2, L3, L4

148
Q

What is the Action of the Adductor Magnus Muscle?

A

both adduct the thigh. The adductor component also flexes the thigh, with the hamstring portion extending the thigh.
Medial Rotation

149
Q

What is the Action of the Obturator Externus Muscle?

A

Lateral Rotation of the Thigh at the Hip

150
Q

What is the Posterior Thigh Compartment?

A
  1. Semitendinosus
  2. Semimembranosus: Also Medial Compartment
  3. Biceps Femoris
  4. Adductor Magnus
151
Q

What action do the Posterior Thigh Compartment Muscles have?

A

Thigh Extension

Leg Flexion

152
Q

What are Posterior Thigh Compartment referred as collectively?

A

Hamstring Muscles

153
Q

Which Bony Landmark on the Hip do the Hamstring Muscles

Originate from?

A

Common Hamstring Origin:

Ischial Tuberosity

154
Q

Which Hamstring Muscle has a different Origin to the rest?

A 
Short Head of Biceps Femoris:
Which originates from the:
- Linea Aspera 
  AND
- Lateral Supracondylar Ridge of Femur
155
Q

What is the Action of the Biceps Femoris Muscle?

A

Knee:
- Flexion
- Lateral Rotation
Of the Leg at the Knee

Hip:
- Extension
- Adduction 
- Lateral Rotation 
Of the Thigh at the Hip
156
Q

What is the Innervation of the Long Head

of the Biceps Femoris Muscle?

A

Long Head:

  • Tibial Branch of the Sciatic Nerve
  • Nerve Roots: L5 - S3
157
Q

What is the Innervation of the Short Head

of the Biceps Femoris Muscle?

A

Short Head:

  • Fibular Branch of the Sciatic Nerve
  • Nerve Roots: L5 - S2
158
Q

What is the Action of the Semitendinosus/Semimembranosus

Muscles?

A

Knee:
- Flexion
- Medial Rotation
Of the Leg at the Knee

Hip:
- Extension
- Adduction 
- Medial Rotation 
Of the Thigh at the Hip
159
Q

What is the Innervation of the Semitendinosus/Semimembranosus
Muscles?

A

Tibial Branch of the Sciatic Nerve

Nerve Roots: L4 - S2

160
Q

What are the Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle?

A

Superior Boundary:
- Inguinal Ligament

Medial Boundary:
- Adductor Longus

Lateral Boundary:
- Sartorius

161
Q

What does SAIL stand for?

A

Acronym for the Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle

SAIL: SArtorius, Adductor Longus, Inguinal Ligament

162
Q

Which Muscles form the Floor and Roof of the Fermoral Triangle

A

Lateral Floor:
- Iliopsoas

Medial Floor:

  • Pectinius
  • Adductor Longus

Roof:
- Fascia Lata

163
Q

How are structures arranged in the Femoral Triangle?

A

NAVY: From Lateral to Medial.

  1. Nerve
  2. Artery
  3. Vein
  4. Y - Front Lymphatics
164
Q

What are the Femoral Artery and Vein enclosed in?

A

A Fibrous Femoral Sheath divided into 3 Compartments.

165
Q

What is the Femoral Canal?

A

The Femoral Canal is the most Medial and Smallest.
It normally contains Lymphatic Vessels and a Deep Inguinal Lymph Node (Cloquetโ€™s).
It is the site of Femoral Hernias (see clinical snippet).

166
Q

List the main Arteries of the Hip & Thigh:

A
  1. Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery
  2. Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery
  3. Inferior Epigastric Artery
  4. Superficial Epigastric Artery
  5. Superficial External Pudental Artery
  6. Deep External Pudental Artery
  7. Obturator Artery
  8. Acetabular Branch Of The Obturator Artery.
  9. Retinacular Artery
  10. Inferior Gluteal Artery
  11. Deep Femoral Artery (Profunda Femoris)
  12. Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
  13. Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery
  14. Cruciate Anastomosis
167
Q

What are the 2 Principal Branches of the

Deep Femoral Artery (Profunda Femoris)?

A
  1. Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery

2. Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

168
Q

What does the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery wrap around?

A

Wraps round the Posterior Side of the Femur

169
Q

What does the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery Supply?

A

Supplying the Head and Neck of the Femur.

170
Q

What Fracture can damage the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery?

A
  • In a Fracture of the Femoral Neck this Artery can easily be damaged,
  • And Avascular Necrosis of the Femur Head can occur.
171
Q

What does the Lateral Femoral Circumflex Artery wrap around?

A

Wraps round the Anterior and Lateral Side of the Femur.

172
Q

What does the Lateral Femoral Circumflex Artery Supply?

A

Supplying some of the Muscles on the Lateral Aspect of the Thigh.

173
Q

What other Branches emerge from the Deep Femoral Artery?

A

Perforating Branches

174
Q

What are the Perforating Branches of the Deep Femoral Artery?

A

Consist of 3 or 4 Arteries that Perforate the Adductor Magnus

175
Q

What do the Perforating Branches of the Deep Femoral Artery Supply?

A

Contributing to the Supply of the Muscles in the Medial and Posterior Thigh.

176
Q

Where does the Adductor Canal run?

A

Extends Distally from the Apex of the Femoral Triangle to the Adductor Hiatus.

177
Q

What 2 areas the Adductor Canal link?

A

It serves as an anatomical link between the Femoral Triangle and the Popliteal Fossa.

178
Q

When does Patellofemoral Pain occur?

A

Occurs when the Patella (kneecap) rubs on the Femur Bone underneath.

179
Q

Why is damage to Cartilage not involved in Patellofemoral Pain?

A

Damage to the Cartilage itself CANNOT directly cause Pain,

Because there are no Blood Vessels or Nerves involved.

180
Q

What are the consequences of damage to Cartilage

A
  1. Synovitis (inflammation of the Synovial Membrane or Joint Lining)
  2. Erosion of the Cartilage and Bone under the Patella
  3. Soft Tissues Injury or Irritation for example to the Lateral Retinaculum and the Infra Patellar Fat Pad.
181
Q

How common are Femoral Hernias?

A

Relatively Uncommon

2% of all Hernias

182
Q

Who is more Susceptible to Femoral Hernias?

A

Occur more frequently in Women probably due to a Wider Pelvis hence Wider Femoral Canal.

183
Q

What are the Boundaries of the Femoral Canal?

A

Medial Border:
- Lacunar Ligament.

Lateral Border:
- Femoral Vein.

Anterior Border:
- Inguinal Ligament.

Posterior Border:

  • Pectineal Ligament
  • Superior Ramus of the Pubic Bone
  • Pectineus Muscle
184
Q

What is a Strangulates Femoral Hernia?

A

A Strangulated Femoral Hernia occurs when a Femoral Hernia Blocks Blood Supply to part of the Bowel.
So a Loop of Bowel loses its Blood Supply.

185
Q

In which Herniae is Strangulation more common?

A

Strangulation can happen in all Hernias but is more common in Femoral and Inguinal Hernias due to their narrow โ€œnecksโ€.

186
Q

Where is a Femoral Hernia in relation to the Pubic Tubercule?

A

A Femoral Hernia is BELOW & LATERAL to the Pubic Tubercle.

187
Q

Where is an Inguinal Hernia in relation to the Pubic Tubercule?

A

A Inguinal Hernia is ABOVE & MEDIAL to the Pubic Tubercle.

๐˜พ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก ๐˜ผ๐™ฃ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™ข๐™ฎ (20 decks)

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