18-B Larnyx

Question 1

What is the primary function of the larynx?

Answer 1

prevent aspiration of food into the lungs

Question 2

Name the entrance to the larynx.

Answer 2

aditus

Question 3

Name the opening between the epiglottis and vocal folds

Answer 3

vestbule

Question 4

Name the space between false and true vocal folds

Answer 4

ventricle

Question 5

What is the rima glottidis?

Answer 5

perimeter of the opening formed by vocal folds

Question 6

What is the function of the hyoid?

Answer 6

anchors the muscles of the tongue and anchors the larynx

Question 7

Describe the hyoid’s bone and musclar attachments.

Answer 7

no bony articulations and nine (pairs) of muscle attachments

Question 8

What anatomical features are required for concurrent breathing and swallowing?

Answer 8

touching of uvula and epiglottis as in infants

Question 9

What is the epiglottis made of?

Answer 9

elastic cartilage

Question 10

What are the three parts of the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 10

superior horns, laminae and inferior horns (important for muscle attachment and articulation with cricoid cartilage)

Question 11

Name the only cartilage that completely encloses the airway

Answer 11

cricoid cartilage

Question 12

What are the two joints in the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 12

cricoarytenoid joints and the cricothyroid joint

Question 13

Name the cartilage that is a chief mover of the vocal cords.

Answer 13

arytenoid cartilages

Question 14

Name the 3 processes of the arytenoid cartilages and their functions

Answer 14

apex, vocal process (attachment of vocal cords) and muscular process (place of muscular attachment)

Question 15

Vocal ligaments are formed by the edge of which ligament?

Answer 15

cricothyroid ligament

Question 16

How many laryngeal ligaments are there?

Answer 16

four

Question 17

Describe the attachments of the aryepiglottic fold

Answer 17

runs from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage

Question 18

Where does the quadragular membrane run between?

Answer 18

between the epiglottis and the thryoid cartilage

Question 19

Vestibular ligament is also known as what?

Answer 19

false vocal folds

Question 20

The vocal ligaments run between what structures?

Answer 20

the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid

Question 21

Vestibular fold, ventricle and vocal folds consist of mucosl layer covering what?

Answer 21

ligaments

Question 22

Contast the surface of the vestibular fold and the vocal ligament

Answer 22

vestibular fold is covered in respiratory epithelium while the vocal ligament is covered in stratified squmous eptithelium

Question 23

Extrinsic pharyngeal muscles serve what function?

Answer 23

composed of mostly suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, they move the larynx as a whole, up or down (this also helps to change the pitch of the voice)

Question 24

Tipping back and forth of the cricothyroid joint causes what

Answer 24

changes the length of the vocal cords

Question 25

Describe how each the following movements changes the orientation fo the cricoarytenoid joints : rotation, sliding together , tilting)

Answer 25

rotation out causes opening of cords, rotation and sliding together causes closing of cords and tilting changes the length of the cords)

Question 26

Which mucles control the abduction fo vocal cords

Answer 26

posterior criocarytenoid

Question 27

What muscle(s) cause the adduction fo vocal cords?

Answer 27

lateral cricoartytenoid m. (internal rotation) and oblique/transverse arytenoid (slide toward midline)

Question 28

What muscle causes the tilting forward of the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 28

cricothryoid m.

Question 29

What msucles cause the tipping up of the thryoid cartilage?

Answer 29

vocalis (most medial) and the tryoartenoid

Question 30

How is sound modifidified to produce speech?

Answer 30

larynx can control pitch and volume while the remainder of the vocal apparatus provides further shaping for enunciation

Question 31

How does the larynx change during growth?

Answer 31

larynx descends during growth at about 2 years and additionally so in males- this descent changes pitch of voice and allows increase of possible formant frequencies

Question 32

Contrast speech and language.

Answer 32

speech is the mechanics of producing noise, language is the enhanced ability to produce and undertand different formant frequencies

Question 33

What types of fibers does the superior laryngeal nerve carry?

Answer 33

branchiomotor, taste, parasympathetics and somatosensory, while all but branchiomotor continues as the internal branch and the external branch carries branchiomotor

Question 34

What types of fivers does the recurrent laryngeal carry?

Answer 34

parasympathetic and somatosensory (continues on as inferior laryngeal to provide branchiomotor to all muscles except cricothryoid

Question 35

What are the symptoms of damage to the laryngeal nerves? (thyroid surgery possible cause)

Answer 35

weakness of voice and aspiration (can heal on own or be treated with medialization of the paralyzed vocal cord)

Question 36

Name the two arteries that serve and what artery they branch from.

Answer 36

superior thryoid gives rise to the superior laryngeal atery and the inferior thyroid artery gives rise to the inferior laryngeal atery

Question 37

Name to mechanims for cricothryotomy. What part of the larynx are you piercing?

Answer 37

by needle or by surgical incision into the cricothryoid memrane

Question 38

What is important to rember clinically about the endotrachal intubation?

Answer 38

tube must be placed past the larynx into the trachea, bearing in mind the angle and size will be wildly different for children and adults