18-B Larnyx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx?

A

prevent aspiration of food into the lungs

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2
Q

Name the entrance to the larynx.

A

aditus

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3
Q

Name the opening between the epiglottis and vocal folds

A

vestbule

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4
Q

Name the space between false and true vocal folds

A

ventricle

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5
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

perimeter of the opening formed by vocal folds

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6
Q

What is the function of the hyoid?

A

anchors the muscles of the tongue and anchors the larynx

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7
Q

Describe the hyoid’s bone and musclar attachments.

A

no bony articulations and nine (pairs) of muscle attachments

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8
Q

What anatomical features are required for concurrent breathing and swallowing?

A

touching of uvula and epiglottis as in infants

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9
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

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10
Q

What are the three parts of the thyroid cartilage?

A

superior horns, laminae and inferior horns (important for muscle attachment and articulation with cricoid cartilage)

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11
Q

Name the only cartilage that completely encloses the airway

A

cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

What are the two joints in the cricoid cartilage?

A

cricoarytenoid joints and the cricothyroid joint

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13
Q

Name the cartilage that is a chief mover of the vocal cords.

A

arytenoid cartilages

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14
Q

Name the 3 processes of the arytenoid cartilages and their functions

A

apex, vocal process (attachment of vocal cords) and muscular process (place of muscular attachment)

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15
Q

Vocal ligaments are formed by the edge of which ligament?

A

cricothyroid ligament

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16
Q

How many laryngeal ligaments are there?

A

four

17
Q

Describe the attachments of the aryepiglottic fold

A

runs from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage

18
Q

Where does the quadragular membrane run between?

A

between the epiglottis and the thryoid cartilage

19
Q

Vestibular ligament is also known as what?

A

false vocal folds

20
Q

The vocal ligaments run between what structures?

A

the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid

21
Q

Vestibular fold, ventricle and vocal folds consist of mucosl layer covering what?

A

ligaments

22
Q

Contast the surface of the vestibular fold and the vocal ligament

A

vestibular fold is covered in respiratory epithelium while the vocal ligament is covered in stratified squmous eptithelium

23
Q

Extrinsic pharyngeal muscles serve what function?

A

composed of mostly suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, they move the larynx as a whole, up or down (this also helps to change the pitch of the voice)

24
Q

Tipping back and forth of the cricothyroid joint causes what

A

changes the length of the vocal cords

25
Q

Describe how each the following movements changes the orientation fo the cricoarytenoid joints : rotation, sliding together , tilting)

A

rotation out causes opening of cords, rotation and sliding together causes closing of cords and tilting changes the length of the cords)

26
Q

Which mucles control the abduction fo vocal cords

A

posterior criocarytenoid

27
Q

What muscle(s) cause the adduction fo vocal cords?

A

lateral cricoartytenoid m. (internal rotation) and oblique/transverse arytenoid (slide toward midline)

28
Q

What muscle causes the tilting forward of the thyroid cartilage?

A

cricothryoid m.

29
Q

What msucles cause the tipping up of the thryoid cartilage?

A

vocalis (most medial) and the tryoartenoid

30
Q

How is sound modifidified to produce speech?

A

larynx can control pitch and volume while the remainder of the vocal apparatus provides further shaping for enunciation

31
Q

How does the larynx change during growth?

A

larynx descends during growth at about 2 years and additionally so in males- this descent changes pitch of voice and allows increase of possible formant frequencies

32
Q

Contrast speech and language.

A

speech is the mechanics of producing noise, language is the enhanced ability to produce and undertand different formant frequencies

33
Q

What types of fibers does the superior laryngeal nerve carry?

A

branchiomotor, taste, parasympathetics and somatosensory, while all but branchiomotor continues as the internal branch and the external branch carries branchiomotor

34
Q

What types of fivers does the recurrent laryngeal carry?

A

parasympathetic and somatosensory (continues on as inferior laryngeal to provide branchiomotor to all muscles except cricothryoid

35
Q

What are the symptoms of damage to the laryngeal nerves? (thyroid surgery possible cause)

A

weakness of voice and aspiration (can heal on own or be treated with medialization of the paralyzed vocal cord)

36
Q

Name the two arteries that serve and what artery they branch from.

A

superior thryoid gives rise to the superior laryngeal atery and the inferior thyroid artery gives rise to the inferior laryngeal atery

37
Q

Name to mechanims for cricothryotomy. What part of the larynx are you piercing?

A

by needle or by surgical incision into the cricothryoid memrane

38
Q

What is important to rember clinically about the endotrachal intubation?

A

tube must be placed past the larynx into the trachea, bearing in mind the angle and size will be wildly different for children and adults