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Psych370 > 17.1 - Introduction > Flashcards

17.1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the case of phinease gage

A

thing through his head, went from a good dude to someone who swore a lot and was late

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2
Q

Explain the Damasio 1994 study on phinease Gage

A

took an x ray of the scull, measured the entry and exit hole positions to get a solid measurement of the positions of his brain damage
- found that the damage affected the medial prefrontal lobes, involved in planning, decision making and emotion

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3
Q

What was Darwin’s general position on the cause of emotional expression?

A

expressions of emotion are products of evolution

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4
Q

what are the three main ideas in Darwin’s theory of emotional expression?

A
  1. evolve from behaviours that indicate an animals next action
  2. if the signals provided by these behaviours benefit the displayer, they will evolve to boost their communicative function - may loose the original function
  3. messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures, called the principle of antithesis
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5
Q

explain how Darwin’s theory accounts for the evolution of threat displays

A

originally, facing an enemy, growing larger and exposing weapons were the behaviours assoc w combat

  • one enemies began to recognize these behaviours as signals of impending aggression, a survival advantaged developed in attackers that could communicate their aggression most effectively to intimidate their victims without violece
  • elaborate threat displays evolved, actual combat declined
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6
Q

what are required for signals of aggression and submission t be most effective?
Give an example

A

they must be clearly distinguishable

  • gulls signal aggression by pointing their Beaks at each other
  • signal submission by pointing away from one another
    primates signal aggression by staring
    signal submission by averting their gaze
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7
Q

Explain the James=Lange theory of emotion

A

physiological theory of emotion

  • emotion-induced sensory events are received, interpreted by cortex
  • cortex triggers changes in the visceral organs via the ANS, skeletal muscles via the Somatic NS
  • autonomic and somatic responses trigger the experience of emotion in the brain
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8
Q

why was the James-Lange theory so innovated

A

reversed the intuitive causal relationship between emotional experience and expression
- autonomic activity and behaviour are triggered by the emotional event and produce the feeling of the emotion, not the inverse

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9
Q

Explain the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects

  • excite feeling of emotion in the bran
  • excite the expression of emotion in the ANS and somatic nervous system
  • emotional expression and experience as a parallel processes that have no direct causal relationship
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10
Q

what are the predictions made by the JL and CB theories ab the role of feedback from ANS and SomaticNS activity in emotional experience?

A

JL- emotional exp depends entirely on this feedback

CB - experience is entirely independent

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11
Q

are either the JL or CB theories correct in relation to the role of ANS and somaticNS feedback in emotional experience? why or why not?

A

No

  • ANS and somatic NS feedback is not necessary for the experience of human emotion
  • a complete lack of ANS or somatic NS feedback does seem to attenuate certain emotional experiences
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12
Q

what is the the evidence for the fact that ANS and somatic NS feedback is not necessary for the experience of human emotion

A

human patients whose ANS and SomaticNS feedback has been nearly eliminated by a broken neck can still feel a full range of emotions

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13
Q

what is the evidence for the fat that a complete lack of ANS or somatic NS feedback does seem to attenuate certain emotional experiences

A

human patients whose ANS and SomaticNS feedback has been nearly eliminated by a broken neck have certain aspects of some emotional experiences, such as fear and anger, dampened

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14
Q

Describe the modern biopsychlogical view of emotional experience

A

each fo the three principal factors of the emotional response
1. perception of emotion inducing stimulus
2. ANS and somatic NS responses to the stim
3. experience of the emotion
can all influence each other

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15
Q

Explain Bard’s 1929 findings about decoritcated cats

A

decorticate cats (have removed cortexes) respond aggressively to the slightest provocation - light touch = arched back, erect hair, growl, hiss and teeth exposure

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16
Q

what are the two ways the aggressive response of decorticate cats are abnormal

A
  1. inappropriately severe

2. Not directed at any particular target

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17
Q

what did Bard call the aggressive responses of decorticate animals

A

Sham rage

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18
Q

what are the neural conditions in which sham rage can be elicited in cats?

A

if their cerebral hemispheres have been removed to, but not including, the hypthal
- if the hypthal is removed, it cannot occur

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19
Q

what did the fact that removing the hypthal along with the cortexes in cats eliminated sham rage in cats cause?

A

the conclusion that the hypthal is critical for the expression fo aggressive responses, and the function of the cortex is to inhibit and direct these responses

20
Q

what did papez propose about the emotional control centres in the brain in 1937

A

emotional expression is controlled by several interconnected nuclei and tacts that ring the thalamus
- now called the limbic system

21
Q

what composes the limbic system (8)

A
  1. amygdala
  2. mammillary body
  3. hippocampus
  4. fornix
  5. cortex of the cingulate gyrus
  6. septum
  7. olfactory bulb
  8. hypthal
22
Q

Explain the limbic system theory of emotion

A

emotional states are expressed through the action of the limbic structures on the hyp thal, experiences through their action on the cortex

23
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome (5)

A
  1. consumption of almost anything edible
  2. increased sexual activity, often directed at inappropriate objects
  3. tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects
  4. tendency to investigate objects with the mouth
  5. Lck of fear
24
Q

what brain region was removed in the first monkeys that demonstrated Kluver Bucy

A

anterior temporal lobes

25
Q

what do most of the symptoms of Kluver Bucy seem to be caused by in primates

A

damage to the amygdala

26
Q

What are the differences between the JL and CB theories views on the emotional specificity of the ANS

A

JL - different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity which produce discrete emotional experiences
CB - all emotional stimuli produce the same pattern of sympathetic activation which prepare the organism for action

27
Q

are ether the JL or CB theories correct in relation to the specification of the ANS?

A

nope

  • evidence indicates that not all emotions are assoc with the same pattern of ANS activity
  • there is no evidence that each emotion is characterized by a distinct pattern of ANS activity
28
Q

what is polygraphy

A

a method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person’s response

29
Q

explain the mock-crime procedure

A

volunteers participate in a mock crime and are then subjected to a polygraph by an examiner unaware of their guilt

30
Q

what is the usual interrogation method in polygraph

A

control question technique - as a target question they know the answer to to get a baseline, compare that response to the response elicited to questions where the answers are unknown

31
Q

what is the assumption underlying polygraph

A

lying produces greater sympathetic activity

32
Q

what is the average success rate in mock crime studies using the control question technique

A

80%

33
Q

What is the guilty knowledge technique, and what problem was it intended to get around?

A
  1. polygraphed must have a piece of information concerning the crime that is known only to the guilty person - polygraphed just assesses the suspects reaction to all the details of the crime - guilty suspects do not react to all these details the same way
  2. gets around the fact that asking innocent people if they are guilty tends to elicit sympathetic responses bc ppl are nervous
34
Q

what are the outcomes of using the guilty knowledge technique in experimental trials?

A

88% accuracy, no false positives, which is super important

35
Q

what is the most convincing study that showed that different cultures make similar facial expressions to similar events and that ppl can correctly identify the facial expression of ppl from different cultures

A

a study on members of an isolated New Guinea tribe who had little or no contact with the outside world

36
Q

are there any cultural differences in facial expression?

A

yes there are some subtle differences

37
Q

are human facial expressions different than those of animals?

A

not so much, tend to be very similar

38
Q

what are Ekman and Friesens 6 primary facial expressions?

- how do we have there facial expressions

A
  1. surprise
  2. anger
    3/ sadness
  3. disgust
  4. fear
  5. happiness
    - combination of these three
39
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis

A

the idea that your facial expressions influence our emotional exp[erence

40
Q

explain the Rutledge and Hupka study on the facial feedback hypothesis

A

instructed volunteers to assume one of two patterns of facial contractions while they viewed a series of slides

  • patterns were either happy or angry, but the volunteers were unaware of this
  • reports that the slides made them feel more happy/less angry when they were making happy faces, and less happy and more angry when they were making angry faces
41
Q

what are the two methods of distinguishing a genuine facial expression from a false one?

A
  1. micro expressions - brief facial expressions of the real emotion that often break through the false one
    - last about 0.05 seconds, but with practice they can be detected with the naked eye
  2. / subtle differences between genuine facial expressions and false ones that can be detected by skilled observers
42
Q

what is the Duchenne smile

A

fake smile, which Duchenne said can always be differentiated from a real smile by observing the two muscles that are contracted during smiling

43
Q

what are the two muscles that are contracted during genuine smiling

A
  1. orbicularis oculi - encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eye ball - can only be manipulated when experiencing genuine pleasure
  2. zygomaticus major - pulls the lip corners up - can be faked!
44
Q

what are the four important qualifications of Ekman’s original theory

A
  1. the 6 primary facial features rarely occur in their pure form
  2. existence of other primary emotions has been recognized
  3. body cues, not just facial expressions play a major role in emotional expression
  4. the 6 primary emotions may not be as universal as originally believed
45
Q

what is an example of the fact that Ekman’s 6 primary emotions may not be as universal as originally believed

A

differences in terms of bot the expression and recognition of facial expressions, between Western and Eastern individuals

Psych370 (37 decks)

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