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Psych370 > 13.1 - Neuroendocrine > Flashcards

13.1 - Neuroendocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

organs whose primary function is the release of hormones

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2
Q

Are all members of the endocrine system endocrine glands? why or why not?

A

No, some such as the stomach, liver, intestine and body fat release hormones into general circulation and tf qualify

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3
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

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4
Q

what are exocrine glads

give one example

A

glands that release their chemicals into ducts, which carry them to their targets which tend to be on the surface of the body
- sweat glads

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5
Q

what are endocrine glads?

A

ductless, release their chemicals into the circulatory system which they travel through to their targets

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6
Q

what types of chemicals do endocrine glands release

A

hormones

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7
Q

what are the gonads and what are their primary functions

A

testes (production of sperm) and ovaries (production of ova

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8
Q

what is the first stage after fertilization

A

zygote

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9
Q

do zygotes contatin all the info necc to grow into a complete organism?

A

yes

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10
Q

how many chromosomes does each cell have? how many do sperm and ova have?

A

2 sets of 23

they have only one set of 23

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11
Q

what are the sex chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that contain the genetic programs leading to sex development

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12
Q

what is the difference between men and women at the chromosomes level?

A

women XX, men XY

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13
Q

where do Y chromosomes come from

A

the sperm

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14
Q

Are Y chromasomes Y shaped?

A

no, we just call them that bc the first ppl that observed them couldn’t see that they were little x’s

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15
Q

how many proteins do Y chromosomes code for?

how many does X?

A

66

615

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16
Q

what are the three classes of vertebrate hormones

A
  1. amino acid derivatives
  2. peptides and proteins
  3. steroids
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17
Q

describe amino acid derivative hormones

give an example, where it is released from, and which a acid it is synth from

A

synth in a few simple steps from a.acids

- epinephrine, adrenal medulla, tyrosine

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18
Q

what is the different between peptide ad protein hormones

A

peptides are short chains of a.acids, proteins are longer

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19
Q

describe steroid hormones

A

those synth. from cholesterol, a fat molecule

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20
Q

which class of hormones influence sexual development and behaviour?

A

steroid hormons

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21
Q

why are steroid hormones unique?

A

unlike other forms, they are not limited to binding to the cell membrane
- fat soluble, can penetrate them and affect the cells by biding to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus and tf directly influence gene expression

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22
Q

what does the unique mechanism of steroid hormones result in?

A

typically, most diverse and long lasting effects on cell funciton

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23
Q

what are the main classes of gonadal hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

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24
Q

what are the most common androgen and estrogen hormones?

A

testosterone and estradiol

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25
Q

which class of hormones is released more by testes? ovaries?

A

aandrogens, estrogen

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26
Q

are androgens the ‘male sex hormone’?

A

no, they are released more by the testes but not uniquely

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27
Q

what is the third class of steroid hormones released by the gonads

A

progestins

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28
Q

what its he most common progestin

- what does it do in males and females

A

progesterone, which prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy, may play a role in sperm cell metabolism in men

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29
Q

what is not generally thought of as a sex glad, but can accurately be called so? why for both parts

A 
adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal glands) regulates blood glucose and salt
- releases small ammts of all the sex hormones as well
30
Q

what do we call the pituitary gland

- why

A

the master gland

most of its hormones are tropic

31
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

those that serve primarily to influence the release of hormones inn other glands

32
Q

what is an example of a tropic hormone?

A

gonadotropin- pituitary tropic hormone that travels thru the blood to the gonads, stimulates the release of gonadals

33
Q

what are. the two hands of the pituitary? how do they develop?

A

posterior pituitary - develops from an outgrowth of hypothalamic tissue that comes to dangle from the hip thal on the end of the pituitary stalk
anterior pituitary - begins as the same tissue that develops into the roof of the mouth, but pinches off and migrates up to its spot next to the posterior

34
Q

why do we consider the pituitary gland to be one structure

A

bc the post and ant fuse during development

35
Q

which half of the pituitary is more accuratly called the master gland

A

the anterior - releases the tropic hormones

36
Q

what is the main difference between the endocrine function of males and females

A

women go through a 28 day gonadotrpic and gonadal hormone cycle called that controls the menstrual cycle
male gonnadotropic and gonadal hormones are relatively stable

37
Q

what was initially assumed to be the cause of the differences in hormone patterns in males and females?

A

inherently different anterior pituitary, bc it is the master gland

38
Q

how did the Harris study refute the notion that anterior pituitary differences were the reason for the differences inn hormone patterns between the sexes?

A

transplanted pituitaries from male rats to female rats and vice versa, found that cycling female pituitaries became steady state in men and vice versa

39
Q

what did the Harris study show about the cause of differences in hormonal patterns?

A

controlled by a different part of the body

40
Q

What led us to consider the nervous system as the controller of the pituitary?

A

the fact that seasonal variations in light-dark cycles trigger many breeding related changes of hormone release, by reversing conditions we can reverse breeding seasons

41
Q

what was the first neural structure we studied in terms of pituitary control?
were they right? how did they test

A

the hypothalamus, structure that the pituitary hangs from

yes, lesion stimulation experiments showed in regulates the anterior pituitary

42
Q

what was curious about the fat that the hypthal regulates the anterior pituitary?

A

the hypthal does not innervate the anterior pituitary at all, in fact, it does not receive any neural input at all

43
Q

what’e the two major hormones of the posterior pituitary? what hormone class are they?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

- peptide hormones

44
Q

where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized?

how do they travel to the pituitary?

A

the cell bodies of neurons the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei on either side of the hyp thal
along the axons of these neurons

45
Q

how are vasopressin and oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary?

A

action potentials cause them to be released into the blood stream

46
Q

what are neurons that release hormones into general circulation called?

A

neurosecretory cells

47
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates uterus contractions during labor and the ejection of milk during sucklingn

48
Q

what does vasopressin do? what is another name for it?

A

antidiuretic hormone, facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys

49
Q

what are the two roles that both oxytocin and vasopressin seem to play?

A

influence stress coping and social response

50
Q

what did Harris suggest was the manner the hypthal communicated with the anterior pit?

A

the release of hormones from the hypthal

51
Q

what are the two findings that support Harris’ view that the hypthal controls the ant pit thru hormonal release?

A
  1. the discovery of the hypothalamopituitary portal system

2. cutting the moral veins of the pit stalk disrupts the release of ant pit hormones until the damaged veins regenerate

52
Q

describe the hypothalamopituitary portal system

A

network of capillaries feeds a bundle of portal veins (connect 2 networks of capillaries) that carry blood down the pit stalk into a network of capillaries the ant pituitary

53
Q

what are releasing hormones?

A

specific hormones released from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of ant pit hormones

54
Q

what are the release-inhibiting hormones

A

specific hormones released from hypthal that inhibit the release of ant pit hormones

55
Q

what was the first hypthal hormone to be discovered?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the hypthal of sheeps and pigs

56
Q

what does thyrotropin releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the ant pit which stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland

57
Q

what is another major releasing hormone that was discovered?

A

the gonadotropin releasing hormone

58
Q

what does gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulate the release of?

A

both the ant pits gonadotropin

  1. follicle stimuklating hromone (FSH)
  2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
59
Q

what class of hormones are all hypthal releasing hormones?

A

peptides, like all tropics

60
Q

what are the three signals that regulate hormone levels?

A
  1. neural signals
  2. circulating hormones
  3. circulating non hormonal chemicals
61
Q

what are all endocrine glands except for the ant pit regulated by?

A

directly by signals from the NS

62
Q

what are the two endocrine glands in the brain, and what are they regulated by?

A

Pineal and posterior pit, regulated by cerebral neurons

63
Q

what are the endocrine glands located outside the CNS enervated by

A

the autonomic nervous system, typically both sympathetic and parasympathetic, which have opposite effects on release

64
Q

what mediates the effects of experience on hormone release

A

the NS

65
Q

is the regulation of endocrine fuction by the ant pit unidirectional?

A

no, there is a feedback loop - circulating hormones can influence the strictures that release them

66
Q

what is the main function of hormonal feedback

A

maintenance of stable blood levels of the hormones considered (high levels limit release, low levels stimulate)

67
Q

what non hormonal chemicals can influence hormone release

A

glucose, calcium, sodium in the blood
For example, blood glucose increases stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas, and the insulin then releases blood glucose levels

68
Q

What is the typical pattern of hormone release

A

pulsatile )ie, In pulses)

- discharges several times per day in large surges which dont really last for more than a few minutes

69
Q

how are blood hormone levels regulated

A

changes in the frequency and duration of hormone pulses

70
Q

what is a main consequence of pulsatile hormone release

what does this mean for the statement that male gonadal hormone levels are steady?

A

often large minute to minute fluctuations in the levels of circulating hormones
they are relatively steady from day to day, not minute to minute

Psych370 (37 decks)

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