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Psych370 > 13.1 - Neuroendocrine > Flashcards

13.1 - Neuroendocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

organs whose primary function is the release of hormones

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2
Q

Are all members of the endocrine system endocrine glands? why or why not?

A

No, some such as the stomach, liver, intestine and body fat release hormones into general circulation and tf qualify

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3
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

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4
Q

what are exocrine glads

give one example

A

glands that release their chemicals into ducts, which carry them to their targets which tend to be on the surface of the body
- sweat glads

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5
Q

what are endocrine glads?

A

ductless, release their chemicals into the circulatory system which they travel through to their targets

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6
Q

what types of chemicals do endocrine glands release

A

hormones

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7
Q

what are the gonads and what are their primary functions

A

testes (production of sperm) and ovaries (production of ova

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8
Q

what is the first stage after fertilization

A

zygote

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9
Q

do zygotes contatin all the info necc to grow into a complete organism?

A

yes

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10
Q

how many chromosomes does each cell have? how many do sperm and ova have?

A

2 sets of 23

they have only one set of 23

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11
Q

what are the sex chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that contain the genetic programs leading to sex development

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12
Q

what is the difference between men and women at the chromosomes level?

A

women XX, men XY

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13
Q

where do Y chromosomes come from

A

the sperm

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14
Q

Are Y chromasomes Y shaped?

A

no, we just call them that bc the first ppl that observed them couldn’t see that they were little x’s

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15
Q

how many proteins do Y chromosomes code for?

how many does X?

A

66

615

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16
Q

what are the three classes of vertebrate hormones

A
  1. amino acid derivatives
  2. peptides and proteins
  3. steroids
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17
Q

describe amino acid derivative hormones

give an example, where it is released from, and which a acid it is synth from

A

synth in a few simple steps from a.acids

- epinephrine, adrenal medulla, tyrosine

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18
Q

what is the different between peptide ad protein hormones

A

peptides are short chains of a.acids, proteins are longer

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19
Q

describe steroid hormones

A

those synth. from cholesterol, a fat molecule

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20
Q

which class of hormones influence sexual development and behaviour?

A

steroid hormons

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21
Q

why are steroid hormones unique?

A

unlike other forms, they are not limited to binding to the cell membrane
- fat soluble, can penetrate them and affect the cells by biding to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus and tf directly influence gene expression

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22
Q

what does the unique mechanism of steroid hormones result in?

A

typically, most diverse and long lasting effects on cell funciton

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23
Q

what are the main classes of gonadal hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

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24
Q

what are the most common androgen and estrogen hormones?

A

testosterone and estradiol

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25
which class of hormones is released more by testes? ovaries?
aandrogens, estrogen
26
are androgens the 'male sex hormone'?
no, they are released more by the testes but not uniquely
27
what is the third class of steroid hormones released by the gonads
progestins
28
what its he most common progestin | - what does it do in males and females
progesterone, which prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy, may play a role in sperm cell metabolism in men
29
what is not generally thought of as a sex glad, but can accurately be called so? why for both parts
``` adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal glands) regulates blood glucose and salt - releases small ammts of all the sex hormones as well ```
30
what do we call the pituitary gland | - why
the master gland | most of its hormones are tropic
31
what are tropic hormones
those that serve primarily to influence the release of hormones inn other glands
32
what is an example of a tropic hormone?
gonadotropin- pituitary tropic hormone that travels thru the blood to the gonads, stimulates the release of gonadals
33
what are. the two hands of the pituitary? how do they develop?
posterior pituitary - develops from an outgrowth of hypothalamic tissue that comes to dangle from the hip thal on the end of the pituitary stalk anterior pituitary - begins as the same tissue that develops into the roof of the mouth, but pinches off and migrates up to its spot next to the posterior
34
why do we consider the pituitary gland to be one structure
bc the post and ant fuse during development
35
which half of the pituitary is more accuratly called the master gland
the anterior - releases the tropic hormones
36
what is the main difference between the endocrine function of males and females
women go through a 28 day gonadotrpic and gonadal hormone cycle called that controls the menstrual cycle male gonnadotropic and gonadal hormones are relatively stable
37
what was initially assumed to be the cause of the differences in hormone patterns in males and females?
inherently different anterior pituitary, bc it is the master gland
38
how did the Harris study refute the notion that anterior pituitary differences were the reason for the differences inn hormone patterns between the sexes?
transplanted pituitaries from male rats to female rats and vice versa, found that cycling female pituitaries became steady state in men and vice versa
39
what did the Harris study show about the cause of differences in hormonal patterns?
controlled by a different part of the body
40
What led us to consider the nervous system as the controller of the pituitary?
the fact that seasonal variations in light-dark cycles trigger many breeding related changes of hormone release, by reversing conditions we can reverse breeding seasons
41
what was the first neural structure we studied in terms of pituitary control? were they right? how did they test
the hypothalamus, structure that the pituitary hangs from | yes, lesion stimulation experiments showed in regulates the anterior pituitary
42
what was curious about the fat that the hypthal regulates the anterior pituitary?
the hypthal does not innervate the anterior pituitary at all, in fact, it does not receive any neural input at all
43
what'e the two major hormones of the posterior pituitary? what hormone class are they?
vasopressin and oxytocin | - peptide hormones
44
where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized? | how do they travel to the pituitary?
the cell bodies of neurons the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei on either side of the hyp thal along the axons of these neurons
45
how are vasopressin and oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary?
action potentials cause them to be released into the blood stream
46
what are neurons that release hormones into general circulation called?
neurosecretory cells
47
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates uterus contractions during labor and the ejection of milk during sucklingn
48
what does vasopressin do? what is another name for it?
antidiuretic hormone, facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
49
what are the two roles that both oxytocin and vasopressin seem to play?
influence stress coping and social response
50
what did Harris suggest was the manner the hypthal communicated with the anterior pit?
the release of hormones from the hypthal
51
what are the two findings that support Harris' view that the hypthal controls the ant pit thru hormonal release?
1. the discovery of the hypothalamopituitary portal system | 2. cutting the moral veins of the pit stalk disrupts the release of ant pit hormones until the damaged veins regenerate
52
describe the hypothalamopituitary portal system
network of capillaries feeds a bundle of portal veins (connect 2 networks of capillaries) that carry blood down the pit stalk into a network of capillaries the ant pituitary
53
what are releasing hormones?
specific hormones released from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of ant pit hormones
54
what are the release-inhibiting hormones
specific hormones released from hypthal that inhibit the release of ant pit hormones
55
what was the first hypthal hormone to be discovered?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the hypthal of sheeps and pigs
56
what does thyrotropin releasing hormone do?
stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the ant pit which stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland
57
what is another major releasing hormone that was discovered?
the gonadotropin releasing hormone
58
what does gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulate the release of?
both the ant pits gonadotropin 1. follicle stimuklating hromone (FSH) 2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
59
what class of hormones are all hypthal releasing hormones?
peptides, like all tropics
60
what are the three signals that regulate hormone levels?
1. neural signals 2. circulating hormones 3. circulating non hormonal chemicals
61
what are all endocrine glands except for the ant pit regulated by?
directly by signals from the NS
62
what are the two endocrine glands in the brain, and what are they regulated by?
Pineal and posterior pit, regulated by cerebral neurons
63
what are the endocrine glands located outside the CNS enervated by
the autonomic nervous system, typically both sympathetic and parasympathetic, which have opposite effects on release
64
what mediates the effects of experience on hormone release
the NS
65
is the regulation of endocrine fuction by the ant pit unidirectional?
no, there is a feedback loop - circulating hormones can influence the strictures that release them
66
what is the main function of hormonal feedback
maintenance of stable blood levels of the hormones considered (high levels limit release, low levels stimulate)
67
what non hormonal chemicals can influence hormone release
glucose, calcium, sodium in the blood For example, blood glucose increases stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas, and the insulin then releases blood glucose levels
68
What is the typical pattern of hormone release
pulsatile )ie, In pulses) | - discharges several times per day in large surges which dont really last for more than a few minutes
69
how are blood hormone levels regulated
changes in the frequency and duration of hormone pulses
70
what is a main consequence of pulsatile hormone release | what does this mean for the statement that male gonadal hormone levels are steady?
often large minute to minute fluctuations in the levels of circulating hormones they are relatively steady from day to day, not minute to minute

Psych370 (37 decks)

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