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Psych370 > 15.3 - Five Commonly Used Drugs > Flashcards

15.3 - Five Commonly Used Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ingredients in a cigarettet

A

Nicotine and a bunch of other chemicals we call Tar

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2
Q

what does nicotine act on?

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain

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3
Q

How many premature deaths is tobacco involved in every year?

A

5 million, around 1 in 10

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4
Q

what are the effects of tobacco on a non-smoker?

A

various combinations of nausea, committing, coughing, sweating, abdominal cramps, dizziness, flushing and diarrhea

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5
Q

what are the effects of tobacco on a smoker

A

relaxation, more alter, less hungry

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6
Q

why are there such differences between the effects of nicotine in smokers and nn-smokers?

A

Very considerable tolerance builds up to immediate effects of tobacco

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7
Q

What is compulsive drug craving

A

affective state characterized by a strong desire for a drug that is associated with drug addiction

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8
Q

what are the withdrawal effects of smoking cessation after habitual use?

A

depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties sleeping, concentrating

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9
Q

what is the rate of people who experiment with smoking two become addicted? Compare this to alcohol and heroine

A

70, compared to 10 and 30 respectively

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10
Q

how long does it tend to take to develop a nicotine addiction?

A

a few weeks

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11
Q

what’s the percentage of smokers who are able to stop for more than 2 years?

A

20

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12
Q

what is the heritability estimate of nicotine addiction?

A

55%

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13
Q

what is smokers syndrome

A

chest pain, laboured breathing, wheezing, coughing and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract

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14
Q

what type of disorders are chronic smokers highly susceptible to? (2)

A
  • lung disorders, such as phneumonial bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer
  • cardiovascular disease which can culminate in HA or stroke
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15
Q

what are the other types of cancer smoking is associated with?

A

larynx, mouth, esophagus, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, stomach

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16
Q

what is Buergers disease?

what is its prevalence?

A

blood vessels, especially those in the legs, become very constricted
15/100,000

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17
Q

are the harmful effects of nicotine limited to those who smoke? explain

A

no,

  • those who live or work with smokers are more likely to develop heart disease and cancer than those who dont
  • teratogenic - increases the likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth and early childhood death
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18
Q

what is the good and bad news for those who are addicted to nicotine?

A
  1. treatments for addiction are only marginally effective
  2. once people do quit, they experience massive benefits to their health
    - even replacing smoking with another form of administration will lead to health benefits
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19
Q

how many global deaths is alcohol involved in?

A

2 million worldwide, including birth defects, ill health, accidents and violence

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20
Q

how many people are thought to be heavy users of alcohol globally

A

76 million

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21
Q

What parts of the body does alcohol effect?

A

almost all of them, bc its molecules are small and soluble in both fat and water

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22
Q

what is alcohol classified as, and why?

A

a depressant, because at moderate to high doses it suppresses neural firing
- at low doses if stimulates neural firing and facilitates social interaction

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23
Q

what is the heritability estimate of alcohol addiction?

A

50%

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24
Q

what are the effects of moderate doses of alcohol

A

cognitive, perceptual, verbal and motor impairment, as well as a loss of control that can lead to socially unacceptable behaviours

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25
Q

what are the effects of high doses of alcohol

A

unconsciousness and, if BA reach 0.5%, risk of death from respiratory depression

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26
Q

what produces the red facial flush In alcohol?

what causes this?

A

dilation of blood vessels in the skin

increases the amount of heat lost from the blood to the air and decreases body tempt causing hypothermia

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27
Q

why is alcohol considered a diuretic?

A

increases the producing of urine by the kidneys

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28
Q

what are some of the notable tolerance effects of alcohol addiction

A

livers metabolize alcohol more quickly than the livers of non drinkers
- but only produces a little overall tolerance - most of it is functional

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29
Q

what is associated with withdrawal after a single bout of alcohol consumption?

A

headache, nausea, vomitting, tremulousness - called a hangover

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30
Q

what are the four stages of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

A
  1. 6-8 hours after cessation fo consumption
    - anxiety, tremor, nausea, tachycardia
  2. 10-30 hours after
    - hyperactivity, insomnia, hallucinations
  3. 12-48 hours after
    - convulsive activity
  4. 3 - 5 days after, can last up to a week
    - delirium tremens (DTs)
    - disturbing hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, tachycardia
    - convulsions and DT’s can be fatal
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31
Q

how does alcohol promote brain damage?

A

both directly and indirectly

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32
Q

what is an example of alcohol indirectly producing brain damage?

A

Korsakoff’s, caused by thiamine deficiency associated with alcohol consumption

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33
Q

what are the four examples of alcohol’s effects on brain function?

A
  1. interferes w second messages inside neurons
  2. disrupts GABAergic and glutaminergic transmission
  3. leads to DNA methylination
  4. Triggers apoptosis
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34
Q

what does chronic alcohol consumption do to the liver?

A

causes cirrhosis or extensive scarring - major cause of death amongst heavy drinkers

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35
Q

what does alcohol do to the muscles of the heart

A

erodes them, increases risk of HA

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36
Q

what does alcohol do to the digestive tract?

A

irritates the lining of the dt, so increases risk of oral and liver cancer, stomach ulcers, panchreatisis, gastritis,

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37
Q

how many people die in the US each year from alcohol related traffic accidents

A

10k

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38
Q

how many drinks per day are necc to observe elevated cancer risks?

A

one or two, mostly with breast, oral and colorectal cancers

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39
Q

What are the symptoms of FAS

A

brain damage, intellectual disability, poor coordination, muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth and or physical deformity

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40
Q

is there a safe time to consume alcohol during pregnancy? is there a safe amount? why to both

A

No

  • alcohol disrupts. brain development in a lot of ways, including producing of CAMs and normal apoptosis patterns
  • full blown FAS is rarely observed in women who have never have more than ne drink per day during pregnancy, kids of these women do have a variety of cognitive problems, but are not diagnosed with full fAS
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41
Q

what are the trans generational epigenetic effects of alcohol consumption

A

even if consumed heavily by male parents (rats), offspring can display impaired spatial learning, and sometimes human kids both of fathers who were alcoholics can have FAS characteristics

42
Q

what refuted the idea that moderate drinking reduces the risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • eliminated those who stopped drinking due to health problems from the ‘doesn’t drink’ group and find no effects
43
Q

what are the three species of cannabis

A
  1. sativa
  2. indica
  3. ruderalis
44
Q

how many people used cannabis in the past year globally

A

124 million or more

45
Q

what is THC’s full name

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

46
Q

how many cnnabinoids does marijuana contian

A

more tha 80, which also may be psychoactive

47
Q

what are the effects of THCV (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin)

A

antipsychotic effects

48
Q

where are most cannabinoids found in marijuana?

A

in the sticky resin covering the leaves and flowers which can be extracted into hashish

49
Q

why was Marijuanna labeled as a narcotic?

A

bc early articles incorrectly claimed that those who smoked are violent and drug crazed

50
Q

why are the effects of marijuana difficult to study?

A

they’re subtle, difficult to measure and greatly influenced by social situation

51
Q

what the effects of high doses of marjiuana

A

short term memory impairment, goal directed and multi step processing impaired, slurred speech, meaningful conversation is hard, sense of unreality, emotional intensification, sensory distortion, paranoia, motor impairment

52
Q

what is the % of people who use marjiuana daily?

A

around 10%, but most people use inn their teens and curtail into their 30s and 40s

53
Q

are there tolerance effects and withdrawal symptoms in marijuana?

A

yes to the former if you use it a lot over a sustained period, but obvious withdrawal symptoms like nausea, diarrhea, sweating, chills, tremor and sleep disturbances are rare, except in lab situations where they administer massive oral doses

54
Q

what are the health hazards associated with weed?

A

the fact that it produces tachycardia means it can onset a heart attack in those who are susceptible and have already suffered one

55
Q

has here been any evidence of brain damage that can be attributed to weed?

A

nope

56
Q

what are the three lines of indirect correlation evidence that insinuate weed in brain damage

A
  1. hippocampal volumes have been slightly lower in heavy marijuana users, but this could be due o preexsiting differences
  2. heavy users tend to have memory problems, but they may not persist after cessation so we can’t say its due to brain damage
  3. slightly more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, especially if use begins during adolescence - but we can’t really tell why
57
Q

what further complicates the study for brain damaging effects of weed?
explain the Nguyen and colleagues study on the subject

A

the fact that it could have neuroprotective effects
adults treated for traumatic brain injury found that individual’s who tested positive for marijuana use were 80% less likely to die from the brain injury than no users

58
Q

what are the two receptors that were discovered in the 1990s for marijuana

A

CB1 and CB2

59
Q

why is CB1 a unique receptor

A

One of the most prevalent G-protein receptors in the brain, present in other parts of the body too

60
Q

where are CB2 receptors found?

A

throughout the CS and in the cells of the immune system

61
Q

why are there THC receptors in the brain?

A

endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitters called the endocannabinoids, the first of which to be isolated was anandamide

62
Q

what are the therepeutic effects of THC (8)

A
  1. surpasses nausea and vomiting inn cancer patients
  2. promote appetite in AIDS patients
  3. blocks seizures
  4. dilates the bronchioles of asthmatics
  5. decrease the severity of glaucoma.
  6. reduce anxiety
  7. reduce some types of pain
  8. MS symptom reductions
63
Q

is medical use of THC associated with any side effects?

A

nope

64
Q

what is the proper name for cocaine

A

cocaine hydrochloride

65
Q

what is crack?

A

The impure residue produced by boiling cocaine in a solution of baking soda until the water evaporates

66
Q

why have most researchers focussed o the effects of cocaine hydrochloride rather than crack?

A

it is impure, consumed by smoking

67
Q

how many people used coke last year globally?

A

14 million

68
Q

what was cocaine prescribed as in the past?

why did we stop using it for this?

A

local anesthetic

- supplanted by synthetic analogues such as procaine and lidocaine

69
Q

what are the common effects of cocaine use

A

wave of well being, self-confidence, alert, energetic, friendly, outgoing, fidgety, talkative, less desire for food and sleep

70
Q

how do those addicted to coke usually consume it

A

in a spree, (cocaine s[ree) where they use a lot over a few days, inn which they become increasingly tolerant to its euphoric effects, so they administer larger and larger doses

71
Q

how do coke sprees usually end

A

when there is no more cocaine or when it beings to have toxic effects

72
Q

what are the effects of cocaine sprees?

what is it often misdiagnosed as?

A

sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, psychotic symptoms in rare cases (Cocaine psychosis) - so schizophrenia
- risk of loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory arrest, heart attack, stroke

73
Q

what are the tolerance and sensitizing attributes of coke usage

A

tolerance to most of its features

sensitized to its motor effects

74
Q

what are the withdrawal effects of the abrupt termination of a coke spree?

A

negative mood swings and insomnia

75
Q

what are the most widely misused stimulants?

A

amphetamines and derivatives

76
Q

what form is amphetamine usually consumed in? how?

A

orally, in the d-amphetamine form

77
Q

is there an amphetamine equivalent of coke psychosis?

A

yes, amphetamine psychosis

78
Q

what supplanted d-amphetamine in the 1990s?

A

more potent relatives, like meth, usually in its even more potent smokable and crystallized form (crystal meth)
- MDMA (methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) - taken orally - stimulant and empathogen which produces feelings of empathy

79
Q

what is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine and its derivatives?

A

altering the activity of dopamine transporters, molecules in the presynaptic membrane that normally remove dopamine from synapses back into the presyn neurons.

80
Q

what is the primary mechanism of other (no coke) stimulants?

A

increase he release of monoamines into synapses

81
Q

Do stimulants have long term effects on health? (

A

a little,

  1. MDMA and meth can result in cognitive impairment, but effects are small and hard to reproduce
  2. amphetamine users (not coke) have an increased risk of developing parkinsons
  3. evidence of heart pathology - people dependent on any stimulant show electrocardiographic abnormalities
  4. evidence that those that re dependent have less gray matter if the pfc
    - but all correlational. so who knows
82
Q

what are the main psychoactive components of opium?

A

morphine and codeine

83
Q

where do opioids exert their influence ?

A

binding to receptors who normally bind to endogenous opioids, endorphins for enkephalins

84
Q

what are the benefits of opioids? what are the downsides?

A

Analgesics, cough and diarrhea treatment

- ADDICTION

85
Q

what is the Harrison narcotics act

what , notably, did it not include?

A

passed inn 1914, made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine or cocaine in the US.
HEROIN

86
Q

what is heroin

A

synthesized molecule with two acetyl groups added to the morphine, greater increasing its ability to cross the BBB

87
Q

How did the Bayer drug company market heroine

A

as a better. analgesic, less likely to induce nausea and vomitting
- also said it was non addictive, which was a lie and the reason it wasn’t covered by the Harrison narcotics act

88
Q

when did the US government make it illegal to sell, use or possess heroin?

A

1924

89
Q

how many people currently use heroin in the US

A

507,000

90
Q

what is the effect of heroin that is most valued by users

A

the heroin rush, a wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into. serene, drowsy euphoria

91
Q

what does opioid tolerance lead to

A
  1. progress to higher dosages
  2. progress to more potent versions
  3. use more direct administration routes
  4. physical dependence adds to an already high motivation to. use
92
Q

what is the process of. opioid withdrawal?

A
  1. 6-12 hours after last dose, increase in restlessness, pacing and fidgeting
  2. watering eyes, running nose, yawning, sweating are all also common
  3. then they fall Ito a fitful sleep that lasts for several hours
  4. Upon waking, original symptoms return alongside chills, shivering, profuse sweating, gooseflesh, nausea, vomiting, disarrhea, cramps, dilated pupils, tremor and muscle pains and spasms (all only in extreme cases)
93
Q

where do we get the terms ‘going cold turkey’ and ‘kicking the habit’ from?

A

gooseflesh and muscle spasms associated with. opioid withdrawal

94
Q

when are opioid withdrawal symptoms he most severe, and how long do they last? what are they most comparable to?

A

2-3 days, a week. at most, and a bad case of the flu

95
Q

what are the risks of chronic exposure to opioids

A

constipation, pupil constriction, menstural irregularity, reduced sex drive - many users will take the stuff for years with no adverse physical effects

96
Q

what causes most of the medical risks associated with opioids?

A

Indirect effects, speficially the battle between the addictive potential and the government’s attempts to eradicate their usage - those who can’t give up the habit (10%) tend to devolve into a life of poverty and crime, purchasing cut drugs, higher risk of HIV. and other infections from needles, and poor access to medical care

97
Q

how does heroin overdose kill?

A

suppressing breathing
- but its not well understood, seems to often times be due to drug interactions bc a lot of times ODs are found to have alcohol and bennzos in the blood too

98
Q

what are the two primary treatments for heroin addiction

A

methadone. and buprenorphine

99
Q

why are methadone and buprenorphine used?

A

high and long lasting affinity for opioid receptors

  • have may of the same adverse effects of heroin
  • but they produce far less pleasure, so the idea. is. to block withdrawal with them, then maintain them on those drugs util they can be weaned off
100
Q

how good are methadone and buprenorphine at suppressing addiction?

A

methadone is alright, but has a lot of. adverse effects

buprenorphine has less good but less dangerous

101
Q

What is the best way we have found so far to reduce the problems associated with heroin use?

A

supervised treatment - more effective and less costly than methadone, safe injection sites reduce the spread of infection and death from heroin, in Swizerland opened clinics where people can get heroin for a small fee, and a lot of them returned to their family ad. jobs, curtailed or reduced use, no longer. present in streets, parks, drug related. crime has declined, physical and social well being has improved, number of new cases of addiction has declined

Psych370 (37 decks)

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