14.1 - Stages of Sleep

Question 1

what is the typical EEG pattern of sleep

is this constant in sleep?

Answer 1

high voltage, slow

no, there are periods dominated by low-voltage, fast waves similar to those found in awake ppl

Question 2

what are REMs associated with (2)

Answer 2

1. periods of low voltage fast EEG activity

2. loss of electromyographic activity in the neck muscles

Question 3

what are the three standard psychophysiologic bases for defining the stages of sleep

Answer 3

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. electrooculogram (EOG)
3. Electromyogram (EMG)

Question 4

what is the first-night phenomenon

Answer 4

the tendency for ones first night in a sleep lab o be rather fitful

Question 5

what characterizes the preparation for sleep period of brain activity

Answer 5

alpha waves,

Question 6

what are alpha waves

Answer 6

waxing and waning bursts of 8-12HZ EEG waves

Question 7

what characterizes NREM 1

Answer 7

low voltage, high frequency signal - similar to but slower than wakefulness

Question 8

what changes from NREM 1 to NREM 2 and 3

Answer 8

gradual increase in EEG voltage and decrease in EEG frequency

Question 9

What characterizes NREM2

Answer 9

higher amplitude, lower frequency than NREM1

• K complexes
• sleep spindles

Question 10

what are K complexes

Answer 10

single large negative wave followed by a single large positive wave (High amplitude wave that goes up then down)

Question 11

what are sleep spindles?

Answer 11

1.5-3 second waxing and waning burst of 9-15HZ waves

Question 12

what characterizes NREM 3

Answer 12

predominance of delta waves

Question 13

what are delta waves

Answer 13

largest and slowest EEG waves, frequency between 1 and 2 HZ

Question 14

What occurs when sleepers reach NREM 3?

Answer 14

they remain there, then retreat back up to NREM1

Question 15

what characterizes the non-initial stage1 periods?

Answer 15

Initial stage 1 EEG is not marked y striking electromyographic or electrooculographic changes
- subsequent periods (Emergent stage 1 EEG) are accompanied by REMS and loss of tone in the muscles and body core

Question 16

How long is each cycle through the sleep stages?

Answer 16

around 90 minutes

Question 17

what changes in the sleep cycle over the course of the night?

Answer 17

1. More time spend inn emergent stage 1

2. less time in others, particularly NREM3

Question 18

do people tend to wakeup during the night?

Answer 18

yes, there tend to be brief periods of wakening that the person fails to remember

Question 19

What is NREM1?

Answer 19

Initial stage 1 only!

Question 20

what is REM sleep (in terms of stages)w

Answer 20

emergent stage 1 only!!

Question 21

what do we often call NREM3?

Answer 21

slow wave sleep bc fo delta waves

Question 22

what are all the physiological traits associated with REM sleep (7)

Answer 22

1. REMS
2. loss of core-muscle tone
3. low amp, high freq. EEG
4. cerebral activity increases to waking levels in a lot of brain structures
5. general increase in the variability of ANS activity
6. Extremity muscles twitch
7. almost always some degree of penile or clitoral erection

Question 23

what led Kleitman to conclude that REM was the physiological correlate of dreaming?

Answer 23

outside of loose of tone in core muscles, all other measures suggest that REM sleep episode is emotion charged

Question 24

what is the support for the association of REM sleep and dreaming? (2)

Answer 24

1. 80% of ppl woken during Rem, but only 7% woken during NREM remember their dreams
2. dreams recalled from NREM tend to be isolated experiences, dreams recalled from REM tend to take the form of stories

Question 25

what complicates the association of dreaming and REM? (3)

Answer 25

1. dreams are more prevalent in NREM than was assumed
2. NREM dreams can be similar to REM dreams
3. REM sleep and dreaming can be dissociated

Question 26

how can we dissociate REM and dreaming>?

Answer 26

1. antidepressants - reduce or abolish REM without affecting dream recall
2. cortical lesions - abolish dreaming without affecting REM

Question 27

Explain the Dement and Wolpert study on external stimuli entering dreams

Answer 27

sprayed water on sleeping volunteers in rem sleep

• woke them up a few seconds later
• 14 pf 33 participants incorporated the water into the dream

Question 28

what pace do dreams run at?

Answer 28

real time, could correctly determine how long they were dreaming between 5 and 15 minutes in 92/111 cases

Question 29

Does everyone dream? evidence? (2)

Answer 29

possibly, those who report they dont dream have as much REM as others, and when awakened during REM they report dreams less frequently

Question 30

Are penile erections during dreams always associated with sexual dream content?

Answer 30

No, erectionsn are no more complete during dreams with sexual content, and even babies have REM related erections

Question 31

Do somniloquy and somnambulism occur during REM?

Answer 31

No,

• sleepwalking occurs during slow wave sleep as during REM muscles are totally relaxed so one can’t move about
• sleep talking has no special association with REM, can occur during any stage but often occurs during the transition to wakefulness

Question 32

define manifest and latent dreams

Answer 32

Freudian, manifest are the dreams we experience, latent are he real ones the contain whack content

Question 33

explain the activation-sythesis hypothesis

Answer 33

based on the observation that during REM, may brain-stem circuits become active and bombard he cerebral Cortex With neural information
- info supplied to the cortex during REM is largely random, the dream is the cortex’s attempt to make sense of these random stimuli