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IB Computer Science (SL) > 1.7 System Design and Analysis > Flashcards

1.7 System Design and Analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

who are stakeholders?

A

individuals, teams, groups or organizations that have an interest in the realization of a project or might be affected by the outcome of a project

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2
Q

methods of obtaining information (3)

A
  1. interviewing stakeholders
  2. questionnaires
  3. direct observation of current procedures
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3
Q

types of interviews

A
  1. structured
  2. unstructured
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4
Q

what is an interview?

A

a time-consuming conversational process

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5
Q

what does an interview provide the researcher with?

A
  • opportunity to clarify questions
  • opportunity to observe verbal and non-verbal behaviours of stakeholders
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6
Q

characteristics of a structured interview

A

strictly standardized and prescribed

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7
Q

what does a structured interview consist of?

A

set of prepared questions that is presented in the same manner and order to each stakeholder

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8
Q

characteristics of unstructured interviews

A

flexible

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9
Q

advantage of unstructured interviews

A

stakeholders are encouraged to express their thoughts and personal beliefs freely

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10
Q

a disadvantage of unstructured interviews

A

often yields data too difficult to summarize , evaluate or perform any form of statistical analysis on them

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11
Q

process of interviews

A
  1. transcribing
  2. assigning categories - adding tags to transcription
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12
Q

types of questionnaires

A
  1. closed/restricted
  2. open/unrestricted
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13
Q

when is a questionnaire most effective?

A

when questions are carefully constructed as to elicit ambiguous responses

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14
Q

pros of questionnaires

A
  • guarantees uniformity of questions
  • yields data that is more comparable than interview information
  • time-saving
  • cost-efficient method
  • faster process
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15
Q

cons of questionnaires

A
  • stakeholders may misinterpret the questions
  • respondents’ behavior is difficult to asses
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16
Q

what do closed/unrestricted questionnaires involve?

A
  • yes/no answers
  • short response questions
  • box checking
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17
Q

what do open/unrestricted questionnaires involve?

A

free response questions

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18
Q

what do open questionnaires allow?

A

a grater depth of repsonses

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19
Q

what does direct observation involve?

A

spending time in different departments

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20
Q

pros of direct observation

A

independent of user bias

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21
Q

cons of direct observation

A
  • time-consuming
  • people will change their behaviour when being observed: Hawthorne effect
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22
Q

what is the hawthorne effect?

A

people will perform better/ make the system look better when being observed

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23
Q

techniques for gathering information

A
  1. examining current systems
  2. examining competing products
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24
Q

what does research about the current system involve?

A
  • a detailed examination of current system
  • analysis of its functions and procedutres
  • studying the business and system documents
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25
Q

what may research of competing products involve?

A
  • their benefits
  • their vulnerbailities
  • their successful characteristics
  • their design features
  • user and stakeholder acceptance
  • breakthroughs they introduce
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26
Q

what should a modern information system do?

A
  1. increase client trust
  2. preserve brand strength
  3. preserve organization reputation
  4. maintain corporate resiliency
  5. enhance organizational piece
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27
Q

what is a requirements specification document?

A

a document used to illustrate system requirements

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28
Q

types of processing

A
  1. online (interactive)
  2. real-time
  3. batch
29
Q

what is online processing

A

data performed by a single processor through the use of equipment that it controls

30
Q

example of online processing

A

airline reservation

31
Q

what is real-time processing?

A

data processing performed on-the-fly in which the generated data influences the actual process taking place

32
Q

example of real-time processing

A

aircraft control

33
Q

what is batch processing?

A

data processing performed on data that have been composed and processed as a single unit

34
Q

example of batch processing

A
  • payroll
  • credit card billing
35
Q

what are system flowcharts

A

the description of a data processing system

36
Q

what does a system flowchart include?

A

the description of the flow of data through any individual programs involved

37
Q

what does a system flowchart exclude?

A

the description of the details of such programs

38
Q

what can system flowcharts show?

A

batch, real-time and online processing

39
Q

why are system flowcharts special?

A

they are the only way to refer to hardware

40
Q

what does DFD stand for?

A

data flow diagram

41
Q

what is a data flow diagram used for?

A

to describe the problem to be solved (i.e. analysis of problem-solving)

42
Q

what doe a data flow diagram show?

A
  1. how data moves through a system
  2. how the data stores what the system uses
43
Q

what does a data flow diagram not do?

A
  1. specify the type of data storage
  2. specify the data type
44
Q

what do structure charts do?

A

describe functions and sub-functions of a system,and the relationship between modules of a computer program

45
Q

what does a structure chart consist of?

A

modules and layers

46
Q

what does a module in a structure chart do?

A

perform specific functions

47
Q

what does a layer do in a structure chart?

A

perform specific activities

48
Q

advantage of a structure chart

A

makes the modular design development much easier

49
Q

what is top-down design?

A

a software design and problem-solving technique that involves the partition of a problem into smaller sub-problems

50
Q

what is another word for top-down design?

A

stepwise refinement

51
Q

how does top-down design work

A

each sub-problem is further broken down until all subproblems are detailed enough and no more partition is required

52
Q

what is pseudocode?

A

an artificial language that is not directly related to any particular hardware and is used to describe algorithms

53
Q

how is pseudocode different to normal programming languages

A
  • it does not follow the grammar of any specific computer language
  • requires conversion to a computer language
54
Q

what is a module

A

a complete and independent part of a program or an algortihm

55
Q

what is modular programming

A

the method of partitioning a computer program into sperate sub-programs

56
Q

what is another word for modular programming?

A

modularity

57
Q

what is the main advanatge of modular programming

A

each sub-porgram can be easily modififed and maintained without the necessity to alter other sub-programs of the program

58
Q

what is a modular language?

A

a language that supports modular programming

59
Q

purposes of prototypes

A
  1. attract the attention of the client (by enoucraging them to use it and “get a feel for it”
  2. provide enough information to attract investors
  3. encourage active participation between users and devlopers
  4. give an idea of the final product
  5. help in the identification of problems with the efficiency or the design
  6. increase the system development speed
60
Q

what is an interation?

A

the repitition of a set of instructions fro a specific number of times or until the operations yield desired results

61
Q

what does iterative development of software involve?

A

steady improvement of the designed based on various evaluation and testing methods (e.g. user testing)

62
Q

possible consequences of failing to involve the end-user in the design process

A

the developed system may either solve different problem, or deal with issues that are outside of the project’s scope

  1. program doesn’t work
  2. program doesn’t do everything the users want
  3. program does too much (bloat ware)
63
Q

social and ethical issues in system design and analysis

A
  1. ATM replaced bank tellers
  2. E-pass systems replaced highway toll collectors
  3. internet travel sites replaced small travel agencies
  4. automated voice systems replaced service represntatives
  5. email replaces mail carriers
  6. reporters being replaced by blogs and “citizen journalists” and social media users
64
Q

what does ATM stand for?

A

automated teller machines

65
Q

impacts of advances in robotics and AI

A

may eventually replace and increasingly large amount of workers with smart robots –> create social disturbance like that of the Infdustrial revolution

66
Q

counterargument to unemployment caused by advances in tech

A

jobs don’t vanish; they change

67
Q

consequences of new improved information systems in buisnesses

A

place more stress on the personnel because they ahve to stufy the new system while completing regular duties

68
Q

consequence of automated environments

A

deprive people of socialzation and interaction opportunities that these tasks once offered them

69
Q

consequence of computerized systems

A

may absorb people and cause them to drift apart form the physical world and become enclosed in virtual environments

IB Computer Science (SL) (6 decks)

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