17. lungs and chest wall

Question 1

what does the diaphragm separate

Answer 1

the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 2

what shape and texture are are the lungs

Answer 2

conical , soft and spongy

Question 3

describe the structure of the lungs

Answer 3

apex (top of the lungs)
diaphragmatic surface (the base)
costal surface (facing outwards)
mediastinal surface (facing inwards, is in contact with the mediastinum)

Question 4

compare the strcture of the right lung to the left lung

Answer 4

the right lung is wider and shorter than the left lung

left lung is narrower and longer

Question 5

structure of right lung

Answer 5

wide and short
3 lobes, superior middle and inferior
2 fissures, oblique and horizontal

Question 6

structure of left lung

Answer 6

narrow long
2 lobes superior and inferior
one fissure- oblique

Question 7

what is the hilum and where is in located

Answer 7

is located on the mediastinal surface of the lungs

is the area where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and bronchi enter the lung

Question 8

what are the two physical properties of the lungs

Answer 8

compliance(distensibility)- the ability of the lungs to expand
elasticity- elastic tissue allows lung expansion during inspiration and recoil during expiration

Question 9

what is compliance affected by (3)

Answer 9

connective tissue structure of the lungs
level of surfactant
mobility of the thoracic cage

Question 10

what is the pleura and what does it consist of

Answer 10

double layered serous membrane
visceral pleura sticks to the lungs,
pleural cavity is space containing a thin layer of serous fluid
parietal pleura attaches to the thoracic wall and diaphragm

Question 11

function of the pleura (3)

Answer 11

reduces friction during breathing
creates a pressure gradient which assists in ventilation
compartmentalises each lung therefore reduces the spread of infection

Question 12

bony thorax

Answer 12

forms the skeleton of the chest wall
consists of 12 pairs of ribs (7 true , 3 false, 2 floating)
12 thoracic vertebrae
sternum

Question 13

the sternum is also known as the ____ ____ and consists of

Answer 13

breast bone
manubrium
body
xiphisternum

Question 14

describe the strcture and direction of the ribs

Answer 14

differs in size and shape
slopes downwards and forwards
head, tubercle, shaft

Question 15

how do ribs attach

Answer 15

head and tubercle attach to the thoracic vertebrae

ribs 1-10 attach by costal cartilage to the sternum

Question 16

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 16

the head of ribs articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebra,
tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

Question 17

what are the three layers of the intercostal muscles

Answer 17

external intercostals - superficial layer
internal intercostals - middle layers
innermost intercostals - deep layer

Question 18

intercostal muscle fibres

Answer 18

external intercostal fibres run downwards and the internal intercostal fibres run perpendicularly upwards to the end of intercostal spaces

Question 19

where are the intercostal vessels and nerves found and what do they supply

Answer 19

intercostal spaces

the muscles, adjacent skin and pleura

Question 20

what is the diaphragm and what is it innervated by

Answer 20

a dome shaped skeleton muscle with a central tendon

the phrenic nerve

Question 21

what is the diaphragm attached to (4)

Answer 21

xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th & 12th ribs , (left and right crus from the)lumbar vertebrae

Question 22

the diaphragm has three openings for the

Answer 22

inferior vena cava
oesophagus
abdominal aorta

Question 23

what is fused to the central tendon

Answer 23

the fibrous pericardium