16. respiratory tract Flashcards by Sharon C

functions of the respiratory system (6)

provides o2 to body tissues 
removes co2
regulates blood pH
defence against pathogens 
produces sound 
olfaction (smell)

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pulmonary

refers to lungs

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airways

all the tubes through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli (lungs)

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inspiration

movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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expiration

movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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respiratory cycle

inspiration + expiration

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upper respiratory tract consists of

nose
pharynx
paranasal sinuses
larynx

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functions of upper respiratory tract

warms, moistens, filters the air
olfaction
resonates sound

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functions of the nose

warms moistens and filters air
contains receptors for smell
modifies speech sounds

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functional adaptations of the nose

vibrissae 
conchae 
mucosa
rich capillary network 
olfactory mucosa 
paranasal sinuses

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what are vibrissae

hairs at the entrance of the nose that trap large dust particles

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what are the conchae and whats their function

they are shelf like projections from the lateral wall

makes air flow turbulent to allow more time for warming and moistening of the air

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mucosa consist of (2)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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function of the mucosa

goblet cells produce mucous to trap particles

the cilia waft the trapped particles in the mucous to the pharynx where they can be swallowed

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purpose of the rich capillary network in the nose

underlies the mucosa, the circulating blood warms the air

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purpose of olfactory mucosa

located in upper aspect of nose and contain receptors for smell

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what are paranasal sinuses and what is their function

air filled spaces that drain into the nasal cavity

lighten the skull and resonate sound

what does the pharynx do

forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

what are the three regions of the pharynx and where are they found

nasopharynx- posterior to nose
oropharynx- posterior to mouth
laryngopharynx- posterior to larynx

what are the implications of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems being in such close proximity

if food goes the wrong way into the lungs, will enter a moist environment that is perfect for bacteria to grow

larynx functions (5)

maintains an open airway
prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract
sound production
coughing defaecation

describe the structure of the larynx

cartilaginous skeleton
lined by membranes, moved by muscles
epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

what is the glottis and where is it located

the glottis is the thin opening between the vocal cards at the top of the larynx.

what happens to the glottis when u swallow

the epiglottis closes the glottis (and the vocal cords)

lower respiratory tract structure

``` trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles tertiary bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli ```

what is the trachea

a tough flexible tube that extends from the larynx to the carina, lt is anterior to the oesophagus

what does the trachea contain (3)

15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep airways open trachealis- smooth muscle that contracts a little, but not fully due to cartilage pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

as you get from the trachea to the bronchi what changes (4)

diameter of the tubes decreases amount of cartilage decreases amount of smooth muscle increases height of epithelial cells decrease

primary bronchi

supply each lung (where the bronchi splits into two) right is wider and more vertical than left c shaped cartilages

secondary bronchi

lobar. supply lobes pf the lung | cartilage plates

tertiary bronchi

segmental supply segments of the lung cartilage plates

bronchioles

no cartilage smooth muscle, can constrict and dilate give rise to terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

simple columnar epithelium with cilia no goblet cells or mucous glands clara cells to produce surfactant give rise to respiratory bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

simple cuboidal epithelia clara cells to produce surfactant no cilia alveoli extend from the lumen, site of gas exchange

alveoli

site of gas exchange alveolar ducts then sacs then alveoli surrounded by a network of capillaries

structure of an alveolus

capillary separated by respiratory membrane type I alveolar cell forms wall of alveolus type II alveolar cell secretes surfactant

what is the respiratory membrane made up of

type I alveolar cell epithelium, basement membrane of type 1 cell then basement membrane of the capillary endothelium

what two portions of the respiratory tract organised in

the conductive portion | respiratory portion

function of conductive portion

filtering warming moistening the air, conducting air into thel lungs

what is the function of the respiratory function

parts of the tract where gas exchange takes place

parts of the conductive portion

``` nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses pharynx larynx trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles ```

respiratory portion includes

respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli