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body systems > 16. respiratory tract > Flashcards

16. respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system (6)

A 
provides o2 to body tissues 
removes co2
regulates blood pH
defence against pathogens 
produces sound 
olfaction (smell)
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2
Q

pulmonary

A

refers to lungs

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3
Q

airways

A

all the tubes through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli (lungs)

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4
Q

inspiration

A

movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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5
Q

expiration

A

movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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6
Q

respiratory cycle

A

inspiration + expiration

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7
Q

upper respiratory tract consists of

A

nose
pharynx
paranasal sinuses
larynx

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8
Q

functions of upper respiratory tract

A

warms, moistens, filters the air
olfaction
resonates sound

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9
Q

functions of the nose

A

warms moistens and filters air
contains receptors for smell
modifies speech sounds

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10
Q

functional adaptations of the nose

A 
vibrissae 
conchae 
mucosa
rich capillary network 
olfactory mucosa 
paranasal sinuses
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11
Q

what are vibrissae

A

hairs at the entrance of the nose that trap large dust particles

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12
Q

what are the conchae and whats their function

A

they are shelf like projections from the lateral wall

makes air flow turbulent to allow more time for warming and moistening of the air

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13
Q

mucosa consist of (2)

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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14
Q

function of the mucosa

A

goblet cells produce mucous to trap particles

the cilia waft the trapped particles in the mucous to the pharynx where they can be swallowed

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15
Q

purpose of the rich capillary network in the nose

A

underlies the mucosa, the circulating blood warms the air

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16
Q

purpose of olfactory mucosa

A

located in upper aspect of nose and contain receptors for smell

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17
Q

what are paranasal sinuses and what is their function

A

air filled spaces that drain into the nasal cavity

lighten the skull and resonate sound

18
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

19
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx and where are they found

A

nasopharynx- posterior to nose
oropharynx- posterior to mouth
laryngopharynx- posterior to larynx

20
Q

what are the implications of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems being in such close proximity

A

if food goes the wrong way into the lungs, will enter a moist environment that is perfect for bacteria to grow

21
Q

larynx functions (5)

A

maintains an open airway
prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract
sound production
coughing defaecation

22
Q

describe the structure of the larynx

A

cartilaginous skeleton
lined by membranes, moved by muscles
epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

23
Q

what is the glottis and where is it located

A

the glottis is the thin opening between the vocal cards at the top of the larynx.

24
Q

what happens to the glottis when u swallow

A

the epiglottis closes the glottis (and the vocal cords)

25
Q

lower respiratory tract structure

A 
trachea 
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
tertiary bronchioles 
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
26
Q

what is the trachea

A

a tough flexible tube that extends from the larynx to the carina, lt is anterior to the oesophagus

27
Q

what does the trachea contain (3)

A

15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep airways open
trachealis- smooth muscle that contracts a little, but not fully due to cartilage
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

28
Q

as you get from the trachea to the bronchi what changes (4)

A

diameter of the tubes decreases
amount of cartilage decreases
amount of smooth muscle increases
height of epithelial cells decrease

29
Q

primary bronchi

A

supply each lung (where the bronchi splits into two)
right is wider and more vertical than left
c shaped cartilages

30
Q

secondary bronchi

A

lobar. supply lobes pf the lung

cartilage plates

31
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

segmental
supply segments of the lung
cartilage plates

32
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage
smooth muscle, can constrict and dilate
give rise to terminal bronchioles

33
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia
no goblet cells or mucous glands
clara cells to produce surfactant
give rise to respiratory bronchioles

34
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal epithelia
clara cells to produce surfactant
no cilia
alveoli extend from the lumen, site of gas exchange

35
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange
alveolar ducts then sacs then alveoli
surrounded by a network of capillaries

36
Q

structure of an alveolus

A

capillary separated by respiratory membrane
type I alveolar cell forms wall of alveolus
type II alveolar cell secretes surfactant

37
Q

what is the respiratory membrane made up of

A

type I alveolar cell epithelium, basement membrane of type 1 cell then basement membrane of the capillary endothelium

38
Q

what two portions of the respiratory tract organised in

A

the conductive portion

respiratory portion

39
Q

function of conductive portion

A

filtering warming moistening the air, conducting air into thel lungs

40
Q

what is the function of the respiratory function

A

parts of the tract where gas exchange takes place

41
Q

parts of the conductive portion

A 
nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi 
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
42
Q

respiratory portion includes

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

body systems (12 decks)

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