17 - antibiotics in food supply

Question 1

T or F : the antiobiotic used where all created before the 70’s

Answer 1

true

Question 2

T or F : the cows are not exposed to antibiotics when lactating

Answer 2

true

Question 3

T or F : the antimicrobial resistance is only a concern for meat eater

Answer 3

false because of the use of manure that contains antiresistance genes and bacteria

Question 4

what are the two classes of antibiotics

Answer 4

1- bactericidal

2- bacteriostatic

Question 5

What is a bactericidal antimicrobial

Answer 5

it will kill the bacteria

Question 6

What is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial

Answer 6

an antimicrobial that will inhibit the growth of the microorganism

Question 7

what will be the mechanism of bactericidal antimicrobial

Answer 7

it will target the key cell structures like biosynthesis of the cell wall or DNA

Question 8

what will be the mechanism of bacteriostatic antimicrobial

Answer 8

it will target the protein synthesis

Question 9

what are the various reasons of the use of antibiotics

Answer 9

1. disease treatment
2. disease prevention
3. growth promotion
4. human diseases

Question 10

t or f : In organic farming (no antimicrobials) the prevalence of Salmonella, Toxoplasma, and Campylobacter all tend to be much higher

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Fruit plants may be sprayed with ___ and __

Answer 11

oxytetracycline and streptomycin

Question 12

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical gene transmission

Answer 12

horizontal : transfer of genetic material from a resistant donor to an unrelated recipient (fast)
vertical : from a parent to an offspring (not rapid)

Question 13

T or F : sublethal levels of antibiotics also increases reactive oxygen species and results in increasing the mutation rate overall

Answer 13

true

Question 14

in the video she showed in class, was it horizontal or vertical gene transfer

Answer 14

vertical gene transfer because there was no resistant bacteria inside the tank

Question 15

What are the mobile genetic elements?

Answer 15

plasmid, transposons and integrons

Question 16

what are the major mechanisms of AMR

Answer 16

export
destruction
modification 
altered receptors
membrane composition

Question 17

is the action of the export mechanism specific or general

Answer 17

specific and non-specific

Question 18

____, also known as____, is a very old antibiotic that was not used in humans due to kidney toxicity.

Answer 18

Colistin

polymyxin E

Question 19

what are the methods used for detecting the AMR

Answer 19

1. disk diffusion method
2. mic test strip
3. sensititre MIC plate
4. genetic method

Question 20

in the kirby bauer/agar diffusion / disk diffusion test, Bacteria are concluded to be ___ , ___ or ____

Answer 20

susceptible, intermediately susceptible, or resistant

Question 21

what is the MIC

Answer 21

minimal inhibtory concentration, it is the minimal concentration at which there is no growth of the bacteria

Question 22

what is the sensititre mic plate ?

Answer 22

method similar tothe MIC but with more ntibiotics in ach of the 96 wells

Question 23

what is the genetic method for determining the AMR

Answer 23

genome sequencing followed by an analysis in the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database