17 - antibiotics in food supply Flashcards
T or F : the antiobiotic used where all created before the 70’s
true
T or F : the cows are not exposed to antibiotics when lactating
true
T or F : the antimicrobial resistance is only a concern for meat eater
false because of the use of manure that contains antiresistance genes and bacteria
what are the two classes of antibiotics
1- bactericidal
2- bacteriostatic
What is a bactericidal antimicrobial
it will kill the bacteria
What is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial
an antimicrobial that will inhibit the growth of the microorganism
what will be the mechanism of bactericidal antimicrobial
it will target the key cell structures like biosynthesis of the cell wall or DNA
what will be the mechanism of bacteriostatic antimicrobial
it will target the protein synthesis
what are the various reasons of the use of antibiotics
- disease treatment
- disease prevention
- growth promotion
- human diseases
t or f : In organic farming (no antimicrobials) the prevalence of Salmonella, Toxoplasma, and Campylobacter all tend to be much higher
true
Fruit plants may be sprayed with ___ and __
oxytetracycline and streptomycin
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical gene transmission
horizontal : transfer of genetic material from a resistant donor to an unrelated recipient (fast)
vertical : from a parent to an offspring (not rapid)
T or F : sublethal levels of antibiotics also increases reactive oxygen species and results in increasing the mutation rate overall
true
in the video she showed in class, was it horizontal or vertical gene transfer
vertical gene transfer because there was no resistant bacteria inside the tank
What are the mobile genetic elements?
plasmid, transposons and integrons
what are the major mechanisms of AMR
export destruction modification altered receptors membrane composition
is the action of the export mechanism specific or general
specific and non-specific
____, also known as____, is a very old antibiotic that was not used in humans due to kidney toxicity.
Colistin
polymyxin E
what are the methods used for detecting the AMR
- disk diffusion method
- mic test strip
- sensititre MIC plate
- genetic method
in the kirby bauer/agar diffusion / disk diffusion test, Bacteria are concluded to be ___ , ___ or ____
susceptible, intermediately susceptible, or resistant
what is the MIC
minimal inhibtory concentration, it is the minimal concentration at which there is no growth of the bacteria
what is the sensititre mic plate ?
method similar tothe MIC but with more ntibiotics in ach of the 96 wells
what is the genetic method for determining the AMR
genome sequencing followed by an analysis in the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database
