1646-60 detailed flash cards
prides purge
colonel pride went to parliament and visibly turned away any mps who had voted for continued negotiation with the king, what was left was known as the rump.
charles’s trial
more of a show trial than anything else
the army/rump said to represent the will of the english people however this was disputed as allegedly lady fairfax called out from the audience that this was not true
charles was restrained/reserved the whole time and disputed the legality of the high court. He was given many chances to talk and negotiate but would not recognise the court. He refused to plead guilty or innocent, under common law the punishment for refusing to plead was death.
59 out of 135 members of high court signed death warrant - mostly army officers
showed the army didn’t have as much support as they needed and needed to convince the public of charles’s wrong doings
what happened before Charles’s trial
charles brought to windsor were final negotiation attempts were made through the earl of denbigh. special high court of justice was made to try the king (showed they needed more support)
commons declared themselves (illegally?) the supreme power in this nation
John Bradshaw - head of the supreme court made to try the king, provincial republican lawyer
the court was made up of rump mp’s, army officers, and civilians
charles’s execution
30th january
he again emphasised how the government had become corrupt and that england couldn’t function without a monarch
charles said how he represented the people and would be a martyr to those who forgave him
there was a negative spirit from the public eg. gasping and dipping their handkerchiefs in charles blood
opposition to charles’s exection
the scots
envoy from Holland was sent (where Charles 2 was)
public opinion eg. Lady Fairfax
even within supreme court 76 members didn’t sign it
why was Charles executed?
bloodshed from 2nd civil war and parliament winning (cromwell believed thereafter in providence)
his refusal to reach a settlement and stubbornness/untrustworthy eg. was negotiating with scots and parliament at the same time, would never accept a Presbyterian church
discontent from the army for not being paid their arrears and want for religious tolerance
no other alternatives
radical political/religious groups in london influencing parliament
the levellers
had strong leadership from John Lilburne
submitted a humble petition to parliament in 1647
represented the grandees and agitators in the parliament
petition complained against
- enforced enlistment
- wanted to take away property from the rich
- said parliament didn’t listen to the grievances of the people
- people imprisoned for debt
- tithes
- liberty of consciousness
leveller rising in the army 800 soldiers out of 40,000; cromwell suppressed this in may 1649 by him and fairfax pursuing the troops to Oxford where he then court-martialled them
impact of the levellers
represented a radical view but didn’t manage to grow large due to limited support from parliament or the army (officers)
They also excluded the wealthy and the poor which prevented it from becoming extremely widespread.. represented the ‘middling sort’
Had only been established for around three years so was not very well known outside of London and the army
the true levellers / the diggers
faction that emerged after the uprising in 1649
fairly uninfleuntial
causes of the second civil war
Charles engagement with the Scot's Local council committee's disliked Support for prayer books and Christmas and religious festivals Taxation Failure to disband the NMA
newcastle propositions
1646 called for: triennal act parliament to nominate 13 ministers 58 royalists to be excluded from general pardoning imposing of presbyterianism parliament to have control of the militia for 20 years rejected by Charles
heads of proposals
July 1647
ireton and lambert
done by the army
biennal act
12 ministers banned from parliament
only seven royalists excluded from parliament
bishops to remain with limited power and some religious tolerance
parliament to control militia for 10 years instead of 20
Isle of Wight
Charles escaped to the isle of wight and carisbrooke castle
the newport treaty (repealed vote of no adresses) which showed Charles considering some negotiations included:
agreeing to give militia to parliament for the next 20 years (first time he had done this)
BUT
wouldn’t agree to the establishment of a Presbyterian church
events of the NMA
after 1st civil war they had not been paid arrears and were also discontent by the prospect of a presbyterian church
disagreements between the generals and rank and file led to the electing of agitators who were connected to the levellers - they would try and negotiate with grandees for arrears of pay etc.
May 1647 - seized the king, largely seen as the turning point which would lead to the king’s execution, took him from Holdenby house to Newmarket and proposed the heads of proposals which subsequently failed. General council of officers was set up. Army marched to London and declared the declaration of the army
october - november 1647 Putney Debates which were followed by the corkbush rendezvous which put an end to some of the divisions within the army
rump agreed to pay army their arrears and many stopped supporting levellers
1649 - leveller uprising which some of the army members were part of
putney debates
october - november 1647
general council of officers at putney discussing the army’s demands
debated the agreement of the people, which was an statement issued by the agitators essentially calling for a republic
also debated universal male suffrage
the remonstrance
november 1648
a document written by ireton in response to levellers agreement of the people
called for
annual or biennial parliment
that Charles should be called to account for what he did
Royalists disenfranchised
no return to monarchy
drogheda and wexford
earl of ormonde created a pact against the english parliament after the execution of Charles (this included irish royalists, confederates) called second ormonde peace
1649 - parliament commissioned cromwell to go and subdue this revolution
Cromwell invaded and quelled both uprisings as he was supplied by the Irish sea, it was extremely bloodthirsty and both towns were strategically important - however civilians were killed as well as soldiers.
roe o’neille, the leader of the Irish peasantry was going to unite with ormonde however he died, Cromwell continued nevertheless.
arrears of pay owed to soldiers were payed via redistributing land to them, Catholic land was redistributed to Protestants to prevent further uprisings,
eg invasion of ireland was exploitative and profiteering as well as just for financial reasons
dunbar
1650-51
similar to drogheda and wexford except the king was directly negotiating with scottish covenanters (earl of argylle) in trying to get scottish forces to unite, however they were very divided between presbyterians, escopilians and protestants
Cromwell invaded, General Moncke and John Lambert left to finish invasion
Rump dissolved Scottish Parliament and declared it totally under his control
