16.2 Synthetic Routes Flashcards
How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ hydrogen halide
How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ ALKANE?
+ H2, hydrogenation
nickel catalyst, 423K
How do you get from an ALKENE ⟶ ALCOHOL?
+ H2O(g), hydration
H3PO4 phosphoric acid catalyst
What are the reactions of alkenes?
Hydrogenation ⟶ alkane
Hydration ⟶ alcohol
+ Halogen halide ⟶ haloalkane
Halogenation ⟶ haloalkane
How do you get from a HALOALKANE ⟶ ALCOHOL?
+ NaOH(aq)
reflux
(nucleophilic substitution)
How do you get from an ALCOHOL ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ sodium halide
H2SO4, sulfuric acid catalyst (turns :OH- into H2O to prevent it from substituting Br)
How do you get from an ALKANE ⟶ HALOALKANE?
+ Halogen
UV light initiates
How do you get from an primary ALCOHOL ⟶ ALDEHYDE?
+ acidified potassium dichromate ions
(donates [O], oxidation)
distil, excess alcohol
How do you get from a primary ALCOHOL ⟶ CARBOXYLIC ACID?
+ acidified potassium dichromate ions
(donates 2[O], oxidation)
reflux, excess oxidising agent
How do you get from a SECONDARY ALCOHOL ⟶ KETONE?
+ acidified potassium dichromate
(donates [O], oxidation)
reflux
How do you get from an ALCOHOL ⟶ ALKENE?
dehydration
acid catalyst (H3PO4 or H2SO4)
How do you get from a KETONE ⟶ SECONDARY ALCOHOL?
+ NaBH4
(acts as reducing agent)
How do you get from a CARBOXYLIC ACID ⟶ ACYL CHLORIDE?
+ SOCl2, thionyl chloride
How do you get from ACYL CHLORIDE ⟶ CARBOXYLIC ACID?
+ H2O
How do you get from CARBOXYLIC ACID ⟶ ESTER?
+ Alcohol
concentrated H2SO4 (to break covalent bonds)
