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Geography > 16. The Development Gap > Flashcards

16. The Development Gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A
  • increasing people’s standard of living and quality of life in a country
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2
Q

What is the development gap?

A
  • difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries
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3
Q

What factors go into HDI?

A
  1. life expectancy at birth
  2. number of years of education
  3. GNI/capita
    (values between 0 and 1)
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4
Q

What could affect usefulness of development data?

A
  1. could be out of date or hard to collect
  2. may be unreliable
  3. do not take in informal economies
  4. corruption means data is unreliable
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5
Q

What is happening to Mexico’s population?

A
  • large proportion of young people
  • death rate and birth rate are both falling as people have better healthcare and live longer, and at the same time fewer children are being created
  • population will level out by 2050
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6
Q

What is happening to Japan’s population?

A
  • death rate is low, and citzens are living longer
  • the population is aeging
  • the young people marry later and less often, decreasing birth rate since 1975
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7
Q

What are 4 physical causes of uneven development?

A
  1. access to coasts - if a country is landlocked it has no access to the sea leaving it cut off from seaborne trade which is major
  2. Diseases and pests - impact whether a population can stay healthy or not
  3. Extreme Weather - can affect specific areas badly leading to costs of infrastructure replacement and other associated costs
  4. lack of food and water supplies
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8
Q

How can economic causes affect development?

A
  • rich countries and international companies dominate trade and since there are many sources of raw materials LIC’s provide they can force LIC’s to agree to their prices
  • HIC’s is often where the processing of the goods take place, so the raw mats are taken from the LIC, processed and the goods are sold back to the LIC leading them into debt
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9
Q

What is the copper in Zambia case study?

A
  • Zambia mainly exports copper and raw materials to Switzerland, and the price of copper fluctuates a lot
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10
Q

What historical causes can affect development?

A
  • colonialism - independence struggle has been difficult since colonialism
  • often this has lead to political instability and corruption and civial wars
  • money is spend on arnaments and army instead of development
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11
Q

What are the general trends of disparities in wealth due to uneven development?

A
  • USA and Europe hold much more %wealth than global population
  • opposite for Asia, Latin America and Africa
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12
Q

What are the disparities in health due to uneven development?

A
  • much more infectious diseases and infant mortality rates are higher in LIC’s
  • main causes od death are chronic diseases in HIC’s and most who die are over 70(70% aswell)
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13
Q

What are some statistics on malaria?

A
  • in Africa 1 child dies per minute from it
  • caused 500,00 deaths in 2013, mostly Africam kids
  • concentrated in the Tropics
  • needs money and development for vaccination programs
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14
Q

What are the 5 types of migrant?

A
  1. Economic Migrant - moves voluntarily for better life
  2. Refugee - forced to move from country as a result of special circumstance
  3. Emigrant - out of a country
  4. Immigrant - into a country
  5. Displaced person - forced to move from home but still in country of origin
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15
Q

What is the economic migration UK case study?

A
  • 1.5 million economic migrants to the UK, 1 million Polish
  • can earn much more in the UK
  • strain on housing and healthcare
  • most do pay tax helping economy, however do manual labour
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16
Q

What are the 8 ways to reduce the development gap?

A
  1. Investment
  2. Industrial Development
  3. Tourism
  4. Aid
  5. Intermediate technology
  6. Free/Fair Trade
  7. Debt Relief
  8. Microfinance
17
Q

How can investment be used to decrease the development gap?

A
  • investment can be used to develop infrastructure
  • can be used to construct dams for electricity
  • improvements to harbours and ports
  • developments to new industries
  • investments from TNC’s and other countries
18
Q

What is the African FDI case study?

A
  • more than 2000 Chinese companies have invested billions into Africa, mainly energy construction and manaafcturing
  • e.g power plant in Zimbabwe, railway in Sudam
  • $200 million African Union HQ made by China
19
Q

How can industrial development reduce the development gap?

A
  • industrial development brings employment, infratsructure and higher incomes which leads to the positive multiplier effect
20
Q

How can tourism reduce the development gap?

A
  • countries can use tourism as a source of income and investment
  • however it is vulnerable in times of recession and may only help the tourist areas
21
Q

What is the Jaimaca tourism case study?

A
  • popular tourist destination which contributed to GDP along with minerals
  • contributed 34% or 2$billion to the GDP of Jaimaca per annum
  • provied 200,000 jobs directly and indirectly, however they are menial jobs but still pay better than before
  • imrovements in infrstructure however mainly only for the parts that tourists vist (coasts+ North)
  • ecotourism is also expanding but tourism can also lead to excessive waste and harmful emmisions
22
Q

How can aid reduce the development gap?

A
  • aid can be people, loans, money, supplies or food
  • only aid that is long term and freely. given can help the development gap (allows investment in infratsructure projects )
  • UK spends 0.7% GDP on aid, mainly on Pakistan and the education sector
23
Q

What is the Oxfam goat aid case study?

A
  • money donated is used to buy african families a goat
  • can be used for milk and meat
  • manure can be sold as fertiliser
  • goats can be bred easily
  • improves QOL
24
Q

What is intermediate technology and how does it reduce the development gap?

A
  • intermediate technology is used to boost the needs or work of the local people, but must not put them out of work
25
Q

How can free trade reduce the development gap?

A
  • when countrues charge no tarrifs or have quotas on trade
  • this helps as generally richer countries can pay subsidies for goods with tarrifs and make thier products seem cheaper
  • joining a trading group also helps as it encourages trade between member countries, members can get a higher price, rich countries cannot shop around
26
Q

What is the Ghana Cocoa Free Trade Case Study?

A
  • EU has large tarrifs on cocoa powder and chocolate but not on beans which forces the ghanians to export the raw materials insytead of processing and developing its chocolate industry, which would be better
27
Q

How does fairtrade reduce the development gap?

A
  • farmers get all the money from the sale of crops
  • guarantees the farmer a fair price
  • some of the price is invested back into the community
  • the farmer agrees to farm environmentally friendly
28
Q

What is the Ugandan Coffee Farmers case study

A
  • a group of coffee farmers have grouped together to gain economies of scale
  • they also earn a lot from fairtrade premium
  • the processing of the bean is aslo done before being exported, adding value to it
29
Q

How did the debt of LIC’s occur

A
  • during 1970’s and 1980’s built up debt as they tried to develop their economies through borrowing
  • low commodity and high oil prices increased debt
30
Q

How can debt relief reduce the development gap?

A
  • help poor countries invest in infrastructure and government projects
  • e.g education, healthcare
  • can be misused by corrupt governments and countries may also assume they can get in more debt and it will be written off
31
Q

What is microfinance?

A
  • small-scale financial support for individuals to start businesses, especially in poor places
32
Q

What is the Bangladesh microfinance case study?

A
  • Grameen Bank, loans are less than $100 with little interest
  • e.g one loan was to a woman to buy a mobile phone, and people pay her to use it, repaying her loan
  • it helps them get better medical advice, see prices of good, and keep in contact

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