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Geography > 13. Rio/Urban World > Flashcards

13. Rio/Urban World Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of urbanisation?

A

urbanisation is the proportion of the worlds population that live in cities and urban areas (this is growing)

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2
Q

What are the 2 reasons why cities grow?

A
  • natural increase (more births than deaths)
  • rural urban migration
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3
Q

What are 3 urban pull factors?

A
  • access to higher paying and better jobs
  • access to better medical facilities
  • access to better education
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4
Q

What are 3 rural push factors?

A
  • poor harvests can mean malnutrition (as not enough to eat)
  • farming is generally poorly paid
  • rural areas are isolated and have little access to facilities
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5
Q

What is some basic info about Rio and its zones?

A
  • 5% of Brazils’ GDP
  • North Zone (industrail + favelas)
  • West Zone (wealthy coastal suburb)
  • Centro (CBD, financial centre)
  • South (tourist areas)
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6
Q

What is the challenge of healthcare in Rio?

A
  • 6 hospitals in Rio
  • 55% of people do not have a family clinic
  • Services are poor (for pregnant and elderly woman) especially on West Zone
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7
Q

What are some solutions to healthcare for Rio?

A
  • medical staff to health kits to favela in Santa Marta, which is 13km from a hospital and detected and treated diseases
  • increased life expectancy and decreased infant mortality
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8
Q

What are some education challenges in Rio?

A
  • only 50% of people those beyond 14 continue schooling
  • many of these drop out and enter dug trafficking
  • school enrollment is low as schools are in short supply, there is a lack of money, shortage of teachers and lack of training and pay for teachers
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9
Q

What are some solutions for education in Rio?

A
  • the authoritoes have encouraged locals to volunteer in schools
  • giving school grants to pay families to help they stay in school
  • making money available for free lessons in the Rochina Favela
  • a new private university in the Rochina Favela
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10
Q

What are some water challenges in Rio?

A
  • 12% of Rios population does not have access to running water
  • 37% of water is lost to leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
  • this problem is worsening
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11
Q

What are some water supply solutions in Rio?

A
  • 7 new treatment plants opened between 1998 and 2014
  • most work concentrated around Olympic Village and favelas
  • 300km of new pipes laid
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12
Q

What are some energy challenges in Rio?

A
  • whole city suffers frequent balckouts due to electricity shortage
  • many poorer people in Rio get electricity by illegally tapping the mains which is unsafe
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13
Q

What are some energy solutions for Rio?

A
  • 60km of new power lines
  • new nuclear generator
  • developing new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which increases electricity by 30% and cost $2 billion
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14
Q

What percentage of Brazils employment is in Rio?

A

6%

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15
Q

What type of employment are present in Rio?

A
  • service industries (banking or finance)
  • retail
  • construction
  • steelworks (rio has largest steelworks in SA)
  • tourism
  • manafacturing
  • oil and petrochemical industries
  • port industrues
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16
Q

What are the problems with unemployment and inequality in Rio

A
  • people protest about high tax, poor healthcare and poor education
  • unemployment is one of the reasons for the vast inequality (the richest 1% own 12% while the poorest 50% own 13%)
17
Q

What is the problem with unemployment in the favelas?

A
  • unemployment rate is over 20%
  • most people work in the informal economy and pay no tax, have no insurance and are poorly paid (less than £60 a month)
18
Q

What is being done about unemployment in Rio?

A
  • the local government is using education to reduce youth unemployment
  • they have a Schools of Tommorow program
  • child care is available is for teen parents, and courses for adults who wish to return to studying
19
Q

What is the crime problem in Rio?

A
  • murder, kidnapping, carjackings and armed assualt are regular in Rio
  • powerful gangs control many favelas
20
Q

What is being done to control the crime problem in Rio? (+ Criticisms)

A
  • Pacifiying Police Units set up in 2013 to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
  • police have taken control of crime ridden favelas
  • lead to lower crime rate, increased property prices and more tourism
  • people argue that police are targeting those to Olympic village only
21
Q

What are the problems with air pollution and traffic congestion in Rio?

A
  • air pollution causes 5,000 deaths per year
  • due to lots of traffic fumes and mist from the Atlantic mixes with vehicle exhausts and pollutants
  • number of cars in Rio grown by 40% in the last decade
  • people drive cars as crime rates are extremely high
22
Q

What are some solutions to traffic congestion and air pollution in Rio?

A
  • there has been an expansion of the metro to the South Zone and Barra da Tijuca
  • new toll roads in the city centre (reduce congestion)
  • coastal roads are one way during rush hour to ease traffic flow
23
Q

What are the issues with water pollution in Rio?

A
  • Guanabara bay is highly polluted
  • commercial finsihing had declined 90% in the last 20 years
  • danger that it can affect Copacabana beach which would negatively impact tourism and the local economy
  • rivers are polluted from open sewers in favelas
  • ships empty fuel tanks in the bay
  • 50 tonnes on industrial waste in the bay per day
24
Q

What are the solutions to water pollution in Rio?

A
  • overseas aid used to reduce amount of sewage
  • 12 new sewage works built costing $68 million
  • fines for ships discharging fuel
25
Q

What are the problems with waste pollution in Rio?

A
  • mostly in favelas due to steep slopes and bad roads means waste collectrion lorries cannot come
  • this means most waste is dumped and causes cholera and encourages rats
26
Q

What are the solutions with waste pollution in Rio?

A
  • power plant set up near Uni of Rio which uses methane/biogas (from rotting rubbish) , produces electricity for 1000 homes and consumes 30 tonnes per day
27
Q

what are favelas?

A

squatter settlements

28
Q

what percentage of Rio’s population live in favelas?

A

22%

29
Q

What is the info about the Rochinha favela?

A
  • largest favela, overlooks rich beach South Zone
  • population of over 150,000
30
Q

What have the improvements to Rochinha favela been?

A
  • improvments by local authority and people
  • 90% of houses built with brick, with sewage systems, running water and electricity
  • houses with TV’s and fridges
  • health facilities and a private university
31
Q

What are construction challenges of favelas/squatter settlements?

A
  • houses are poorly constructed as they were built illegally
  • many favelas are built on steep slopes and heavy rain from storms can cause landslides (13,000 lost their homes in 2014)
  • limited road access due to slopes
32
Q

What are unemployment challenges of favelas/squatter settlements?

A
  • unemployment as high at 20%
  • poorly paid work in the informal sector
  • less than 75£ per month
33
Q

What are crime challenges of favelas/squatter settlements?

A
  • murder rate of 20 per 1000 (high)
  • drug gangs dominate favelas
  • people distrust police due to violence and corruption
34
Q

What are health challenges of favelas/squatter settlements?

A
  • inafnt mortality rates can be as high as 50 per 1000
  • burning rubbish sets fire to wooden houses and causes respiratory issues
  • waste is not disposed of and builds up in the streets
35
Q

What are service challenges of favelas/squatter settlements?

A
  • in non improved favelas, half of the people have no sewage, 30% no electricity and 12% no running water
  • sewers are often open drain
36
Q

What has been done in the Favela Bairro project?

A
  • site and service scheme
  • in complexo de Alemao there have been paved (and named) raods, drainage systems for better sanitation, new health, leisure and education facilities
  • there has also been a cable car system from Complexo de Alemao to hubs of employment and residents get 1 free ticket per day
  • mortages avaliable for people to buy homes
  • UPP (police) set up to reduce crime
37
Q

has the Favela Bairro project been successful?

A
  • quality of life, employment and mobility has increased
  • but, newly built infrastructure is not being mantained
  • but, budget of 1 billion may not cover every favela
  • rent rises in favelas mean poorest residents are worse off
  • more training is needed for literacy and employment
38
Q
A

Geography (19 decks)

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