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PSYC 350 - FINAL > 16. Sexual Coersion > Flashcards

16. Sexual Coersion Flashcards

1
Q

effectiveness of online movements

A

No supporting research it has been beneficial
- Individuals higher in hostile sexism, endorsed rape myths more strongly, and lower feminist identification viewed movement as less beneficial

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2
Q

Reluctance to report rape (3)

A
  1. narrow view of “rape”
    a. committed by strangers
    b. involves physical violence (incl. physical resistance)
  2. hesitation to report viewed as lying
  3. stigma
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3
Q

Three levels of assault:

A
  1. simple sexual assault
  2. sexual assault with a weapon causing injury or life-threatening harm
  3. aggravated sexual assault
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4
Q

Sexual assault

A

nonconsensual sexual experiences

  • unwanted touching → forced oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse and sexual violence causing harm
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5
Q

importance of law in gender neutral terms

A

men or women can be victims, no longer discriminates against married couples

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6
Q

can children under 16 give consent?

A

no. Children under 16 cannot be considered to have given consent to an adult → considered child sexual abuse

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7
Q

% of all sexual assault done by men

A

87%

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8
Q

% know victim?

A

50

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9
Q

what ages experience highest rates of sexual assault

A

15-24yrs

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10
Q

why is it underreported (7)

A
  • believe police will do nothing
  • wanting to keep event private
  • feeling ashamed or embarrassed
  • afraid of not being believed
  • fearing perpetrator
  • not wanting perpetrator to be arrested
  • extremely low probability that report will lead to conviction
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11
Q

individuals at greatest risk?

A
  • Disabled → 4x as likely
    • Especially with sensory disability
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12
Q

Date rape:

A

sexual assault by someone who is known to the victim (or acquaintance) → 87%
Typically acquaintance, family member, or intimate partner

Low percent by strangers → 13%

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13
Q

Sexual coercion by partner associated with… (3)

A

depression, lower self-esteem, and negative sexual self-perception

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14
Q

Factors in sexual assault (3)

A
  1. Miscommunication
    • Men think women who say no means yes
    • Reinforced by film
  2. Men perceive warmth and friendliness as indicating sexual interest
  3. Sexually aggressive men have a “suspicious schema”
    • Believe women don’t communicate honestly especially when rejecting an advance
    • Choose to ignore verbal and nonverbal refusals
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15
Q

effects of Rohypnol (roofies)

A

Drowsiness, sleep, memory lapse

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16
Q

GHB

A
  • Similar to alcohol
  • Can cause hallucinations when mixed → loss of consciousness
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17
Q

ketamine

A

Amnesia and hallucinations

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18
Q

other date rape drugs

A
  • Ecstasy and Foxy Methoxy
  • Other: drug-facilitated sexual assault (marijuana, alcohol, tranquilizers)
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19
Q

rape myths

A

victim perpetrated rape, victims fabricate stories, wanted to be raped, men cannot control themselves in a sexual situation
- Encourages sharing of intimate photos and images for revenge

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20
Q

% of women experienced partner sexual assault vs. % who reported to police

A

51, 2%

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21
Q

why do partners assault?

A

Power, domination, sadism, desire whether or not she is willing, believe partner “owes” him sex

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22
Q

psychological impact

A

Anxiety, depression, suicide ideation and attempts, and PTSD

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23
Q

PTSD and symptoms

A

long-term psychological distress suffered by someone who has experienced a terrifying, uncontrollable event

  • Symptoms: anxiety, depression, nightmares, not feeling safe
  • Schema likely activated at some level all the time
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24
Q

Factors for worse outcomes (3)

A
  • previous sexual violence (revictimization)
  • severity of violence
  • reactions of others
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25
Q

what causes self-blame

A

result of society to victim blame

  • Particularly likely to blame if she used drugs or alcohol
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26
Q

% who get pregnant afterwards

A

5

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27
Q

Post-Traumatic Growth:

A

positive life changes and psychological development following exposure to trauma

  • Increased ability to care for self, greater sense of purpose, greater concern for others in similar situations
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28
Q

what to do If you have been sexually assaulted:

A
  1. Tell someone you trust
  2. Decide whether or not to report to the police
    a. Do not wash clothes, bathe, shower, or douche until you have a medical exam
  3. Seek medical attention
    a. Done within 72 hours
  4. Understand that it is normal to experience a wide range of emotions
    a. Anger, sadness, detachment, depression, fear, being out of control
  5. Understand the assault was not your fault
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29
Q

what to do Is someone you know has been sexually assaulted:

A
  1. Believe them
  2. Listen
  3. Comfort
  4. Console
  5. Encourage action
  6. Let them make decisions
  7. Help them decide whether to report the assault
  8. Recognize your own limitations
30
Q

Theoretical Views (3)

A
  1. Psychopathology of sex offenders
    a. Committed by psychologically disturbed men
    b. Deviance → responsible for reoccurrence
  2. Feminist
    a. Product of gender-role socialization
    b. Men use sex for power
    c. Eroticization of violence in culture
  3. Social disorganization
    a. Crime increases after disruption of social organization of a community
31
Q

Cultural values factor

A

More hostility expressed towards women → higher rates of reported sexual coercion

32
Q

Sexual scripts factor

A
  • Support assault when they convey the message that the man is supposed to be oversexed and the sexual “aggressor”
  • By adolescence, both boys and girls endorse scripts that justify sexual aggression
    • 11% boys believe sexual coercion with girlfriend is acceptable
    • Boys who were sexually abusive → more accepting of sexual dating violence and had friends who were sexually abusive
33
Q

Early family influences

A

Young men who are abusive → more likely to have been abused in childhood

34
Q

The peer group factors

A

Abusive friends → sexual aggression

35
Q

Characteristics of the situation

A
  • More likely in secluded places or at parties where excessive alcohol is used
  • Social disorganization
    • eg: war → sexual assault against women is common
36
Q

Miscommunication

A

Often do not ask for consent directly → attempt to infer from nonverbal cues (highly prone to error)

37
Q

Sex and Power motives

A

Violence is an expression of power and dominance by men over women

38
Q

Masculinity norms and men’s attitudes

A

Hyper-masculine attitudes are more likely to have a history of sexual aggression

39
Q

Pharmacological effects of alcohol on consumer

A
  1. Effects of drug on body and behaviour
  2. Alcohol → impairs decision-making, planning, and response inhibition
  3. BAC 0.04 (2 drinks over 2 hours)
40
Q

Psychological effects of alcohol on consumer

A
  1. Alcohol → glamorized
  2. Believed to improve sexual outcomes → more sociable and sexually uninhibited
41
Q

Pharmacological effects of alcohol on victim

A
  1. Similar to perpetrator
  2. Reduction in anxiety → miss signs of danger in environment
  3. Less effective in resisting assault
42
Q

Psychological effects of alcohol on victim

A

More sexually interested

43
Q

5 common characteristics of men who are sexually aggressive against women

A
  1. Endorse beliefs supporting sexual assault
  2. Likely to have had brain injuries as a child
    a. Found in 4%
  3. Poor inhibition and self-regulation
  4. Lack empathy
  5. Part of peer group approving rape culture

Commonly engage in: victim blaming, hostile sexism, uncontrollable biological urges, hormones, objectification, women are just sex toys

44
Q

Historical Factors:

A
  • Immigrant experiencing sexual violence
  • During Civil War, black men → castrated or lynched
    • No penalty for white man raping black woman
45
Q

% men reporting sexual assault

A

8

46
Q

Stereotypes and scripts factor

A

men always want sex

47
Q

best way to prevent sexual assault

A

Develop programs to properly socialize males → prevention programs

48
Q

5 Guidelines for Potential Date-rape Situations

A
  1. Avoid hazardous situations
  2. Communicate clear limits
  3. Be assertive
  4. Trust your instincts
  5. Respond physically
49
Q

age of consent

A

16

50
Q

sexual assault for 12-13 and 14-15

A

12-13: person is more than 2 years older
13-14: person is more than 5 years older

51
Q

age if adult is in position of trust or authority → teacher or coach

A

18

52
Q

Sextortion

A
  • Type of online exploitation → threats to expose sexual images with the goal of coercing victims to provide additional pictures or engage in sex
  • Typically adolescent victims
53
Q

age group for highest rates of child sexual abuse

A

14-15

54
Q

where are rates highest?

A

quebec -> 22% F, 10% M

55
Q

Intrafamilial sexual abuse

A
  • Blood relative and non-relative
  • 54% women, 20% men report perpetrator was a family member
56
Q

Impact on the Victim child sexual assault

A

More likely to experience: anxiety, depression, behaviour problems, health complaints, thoughts of suicide, PTSD, social difficulties, engage in risky sexual behaviour

57
Q

when are impacts most severe

A
  • Involved intercourse
  • Occurred repeatedly
  • Committed by father or stepfather
58
Q

Pedophilia

A

involves an adults who has a sexual preference (fantasy or actual interaction) for prepubescent children

  • Generally act on kids 13 or younger
59
Q

abused-abuser hypothesis

A

Sexual abuse as a child

60
Q

characteristics

A
  • Differences in brain → lower IQ and memory
  • More than 1/3 → left-handed or ambidextrous
  • More likely to show minor physical abnormalities
  • Significant differences in white matter tissue
  • Low on heterosocial competence → awkward, unskilled
  • More likely to experience brain injury at young age

Begin as young as 14

61
Q

Recidivism

A

repeat offending
- highest in Extrafamilial offenders than intrafamilial offenders

62
Q

Behavioural treatment (2)

A
  1. Classical conditioning
    • Pairing smell of ammonia with sexual pictures of children
  2. Cognitive-behavioural Treatment
    • Targets attitudes and beliefs
    • 24% recidivism rate vs. 52% untreated
63
Q

how to deal with sexual harassment

A

Under Canadian law, sexual harassment → form of sexual discrimination

  • Not dealt in court
  • Victim can file a HR complaint
64
Q

2 categories of sexual harassment

A
  1. Sexual coercion
    a. Compliance → direct link to employment or educational status or opportunity
    b. Quid pro quo harassment
  2. Sexual annoyance (environmental harassment)
    a. Sexually related behaviour that creates a hostile, intimidating work environment
    b. LGBTQ+ individuals = higher risk
65
Q

where is Sexual Harassment at Work the most common

A

military

66
Q

********Why does this occur?********

Gender stereotypes against women (3)

A
  1. Sexy
  2. Nontraditional (feminist)
  3. Traditional (mother)
67
Q

Earnest harassment

A
  1. Motivation → desire for sexual intimacy
  2. Stereotypes woman as sexy
68
Q

Hostile

A
  1. Motivation → domination
  2. Stereotypes woman as nontraditional (in competition with him)
69
Q

Paternalistic-ambivalent

A
  1. Motivation → desire for sexual intimacy AND desire to be like a father to the woman
  2. Thinks himself as benevolent
70
Q

Competitive-ambivalent

A
  1. Motivation → hostile desire for domination
  2. Stereotypes woman as sexy and nontraditional (in competition with him)
71
Q

Most common sexually harassing behaviours

A

homophobic name calling and sexual comments, jokes, gestures, and looks

72
Q

3 Groups of Healthcare Professional Respondents to Sexual Misconduct:

A
  1. Deniers
  2. Rationalizers
  3. Repentant

PSYC 350 - FINAL (6 decks)

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